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CC BY 4.0 · Arch Plast Surg 2025; 52(03): 153-168
DOI: 10.1055/a-2521-2199
Hand/Peripheral Nerve
Review Article

Targeted Muscle Reinnervation—an Up-to-Date Review: Evidence, Indications, and Technique

Ava G. Chappell 
1   Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
,
Matthew D. Ramsey 
1   Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
,
Seong Park 
1   Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
,
Gregory A. Dumanian 
1   Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
,
Jason H. Ko 
1   Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
› Author Affiliations Funding None.
› Further Information
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Abstract

Targeted muscle reinnervation (TMR) is a surgical technique originally created to improve prosthetic function following upper extremity amputation. TMR has since been shown to be effective in the prevention and treatment of chronic postamputation phantom and residual limb pain in both upper and lower extremity amputees and for neurogenic pain in the nonamputee patient population. This article provides a current review of the various indications for TMR and surgical techniques, organized by amputation site, timing, and regional anatomy.

Keywords

targeted muscle reinnervation - nerve transfers - painful neuromas - myoelectric prosthesis

Ethical Approval

This work did not require IRB approval.


Patient Consent

Written informed consents were obtained for all of the clinical images and videos used for this manuscript.


Authors' Contributions

All authors—A.G.C., M.D.R., S.P., G.A.D., and J.H.K.—contributed to the creation of the manuscript and met the criteria for authorship.

Specific roles are mentioned below.

Conceptualization, writing—review and editing: all authors.

Writing—original draft: A.G.C., M.D.R., S.P., and G.A.D.

Supervision: J.H.K.




Publication History

Received: 23 May 2023

Accepted: 21 April 2024

Article published online:
01 April 2025

© 2025. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, permitting unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction so long as the original work is properly cited. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc.
333 Seventh Avenue, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10001, USA

 

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