Download PDF
CC BY 4.0 · Sustainability & Circularity NOW 2025; 02: a25156076
DOI: 10.1055/a-2515-6076
Sustainable Solvents
Short Review

Exploring Ionic Liquid-Based Liquid–Liquid Extraction as a Benign Alternative for Sustainable Wastewater Treatment

Sachind Prabha Padinhattath 
1   Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
,
M. Shaibuna 
1   Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
,
Ramesh L. Gardas 
1   Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
› Author Affiliations Funding Information The authors would like to acknowledge funds from the International Cooperation Division, Department of Science and Technology (DST), India, through project DST/INT/Portugal/P-10/2021.
› Further Information
   Permissions and Reprints All articles of this category


Abstract

The uncontrolled release of industrial effluents containing micropollutants (MPs), dyes, and heavy metal ions contaminates natural water bodies posing threats to health and the environment. Conventional treatment methods often struggle with challenges such as prolonged processing time, low specificity, and risk of producing secondary pollutants. Liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) technique utilizing ionic liquids (ILs) has emerged as a viable alternative for the elimination of contaminants from wastewater. ILs, characterized by minimal volatility and tunable physicochemical properties, facilitate the precise elimination of contaminants from industrial effluent. IL-LLE streamlines the experimental setup, lowers energy consumption, promotes recyclability for reuse, enhances mechanistic understanding, and hence provides a sustainable alternative to industrial effluent treatment. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of IL-LLE approaches for wastewater treatment, commencing with an overview of the historical evolution of ILs, tracing their progression from initial research to contemporary and advanced applications. The article primarily examines the practical applications of IL-LLE, demonstrating how these approaches are employed to efficiently remove diverse contaminants from both simulated and actual industrial wastewater samples. As a whole, the review consolidates the versatility and efficiency of IL-based LLE in addressing various challenges in wastewater treatment.

Keywords

Ionic liquid - Wastewater - Liquid–liquid extraction - Micropollutants - Dyes - Heavy metals - Reuse

Declaration of Generative AI in Scientific Writing

During the preparation of this research work, ChatGPT was used to improve the readability and language of the manuscript. After using this tool/service, the authors reviewed and edited the content as required and took full responsibility for the publication.




Publication History

Received: 04 November 2024

Accepted after revision: 10 January 2025

Accepted Manuscript online:
13 January 2025

Article published online:
29 January 2025

© 2025. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, permitting unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction so long as the original work is properly cited. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Oswald-Hesse-Straße 50, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany

Bibliographical Record
Sachind Prabha Padinhattath, M. Shaibuna, Ramesh L. Gardas. Exploring Ionic Liquid-Based Liquid–Liquid Extraction as a Benign Alternative for Sustainable Wastewater Treatment. Sustainability & Circularity NOW 2025; 02: a25156076.
DOI: 10.1055/a-2515-6076
 

  • References

  • 1 Theodorou P. The Effects of Urbanisation on Ecological Interactions. Curr. Opin. Insect Sci. 2022; 52 100922
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 2 Shaibuna M, Padinhattath SP, Gardas RL. Efficient removal of multiple heavy metal ions from wastewater using task-specific hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents: A circular approach. J. Mol. Liqu. 2024; 416 126487
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 3 Zenker A, Cicero MR, Prestinaci F, Bottoni P, Carere M. Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification Potential of Pharmaceuticals with a Focus to the Aquatic Environment. J. Environ. Manage. 2014; 133: 378-387
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 4 Padinhattath SP, Panneer SV. K, Subramanian V, Gardas RL. Effective removal of personal care product residues from aqueous media using hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents: Experimental and computational approach. Microchem. J. 2024; 197 109891
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 5 Gupta VK, Ali I, Saleh TA, Nayak A, Agarwal S. Chemical Treatment Technologies for Waste-Water Recycling – An Overview. RSC Adv. 2012; 2: 6380-6388
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 6 Wang J, Chen H. Catalytic Ozonation for Water and Wastewater Treatment: Recent Advances and Perspective. Sci. Total Environ. 2020; 704 135249
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 7 Hube S, Eskafi M, Hrafnkelsdóttir KF, Bjarnadóttir B, Bjarnadóttir MÁ, Axelsdóttir S, Wu B. Direct Membrane Filtration for Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery: A Review. Sci. the Total Environ 2020; 710 136375
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 8 Zieliński M, Kazimierowicz J, Dębowski M. Advantages and Limitations of Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment—Technological Basics, Development Directions, and Technological Innovations. Energies 2023; 16: 83
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 9 Bokhary A, Leitch M, Liao BQ. Liquid–Liquid Extraction Technology for Resource Recovery: Applications, Potential, and Perspectives. J. Water Process Eng. 2021; 40 101762
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 10 Hall DW, Sandrin JA, Mcbride RE. An Overview of Solvent Extraction Treatment Technologies. Environ. Prog. 1990; 9: 98-105
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 11 Priyanka VP, Harikrishna AS, Kesavan V, Gardas RL. Synergistic Interaction and Antibacterial Properties of Surface-Active Mono- and Di-Cationic Ionic Liquids with Ciprofloxacin. J. Mol. Liq. 2024; 399 124359
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 12 Keshapolla D, Devunuri N, Ijardar SP, Gardas RL. Influence of Anion Structure on Volumetric Properties of Dilute Binary Systems Containing Carboxylate Functioned Trihexylammonium Ionic Liquids in Toluene / Dodecane. J. Mol. Liq. 2023; 391 123252
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 13 Shaibuna M, Hiba K, Shebitha AM, Kariyottu Kuniyil MJ, Sherly mole PB, Sreekumar K. Sustainable and Selective Synthesis of Benzimidazole Scaffolds Using Deep Eutectic Solvents. Current Research in Green and Sustainable. Chemistry 2022; 5 100285
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 14 Shaibuna M, Hiba K, Sreekumar K. Deep Eutectic Solvent for the Synthesis of (E)-Nitroalkene via Microwave Assisted Henry Reaction. Curr. Res. Green Sustainable Chemistry 2021; 4 100187
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 15 Shaibuna M, Sreekumar K. Experimental Investigation on the Correlation between the Physicochemical Properties and Catalytic Activity of Six DESs in the Kabachnik-Fields Reaction. ChemistrySelect 2020; 5: 13454-13460
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 16 Chenthamara B, Gardas RL. Beyond the Conventional Leaching: Exploring Pyruvic Acid-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents for Sustainable Recycling of Spent Lithium-Ion Battery Cathode Material. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2024; 12: 12827-12836
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 17 Dash BR, Gardas RL, Mishra AK. Probing the Heterogeneity of Molecular Level Organization of Ionic Liquids: A Comparative Study Using Neutral Nile Red and Cationic Nile Blue Sulfate as Fluorescent Probes for Butyrolactam-Based Protic Ionic Liquids. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2024; 26: 13350-13363
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 18 Jisha KJ, Gardas RL. Exploring the structural stability of hemoglobin in DBU-based ionic liquids: Insights from spectroscopic investigations. J. Mol. Liq. 2023; 388 122837
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 19 Athira KK, Mepperi J, Chandra Kotamarthi H, Gardas RL. Ionic Liquid–Based Aqueous Biphasic System as an Alternative Tool for Enhanced Bacterial DNA Extraction. Anal. Chim. Acta 2024; 1321 343045,
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 20 Shaibuna M, Kuniyil MJ. K, Sreekumar K. Deep Eutectic Solvent Assisted Synthesis of Dihydropyrimidinones/ThionesviaBiginelli Reaction: Theoretical Investigations on Their Electronic and Global Reactivity Descriptors. New J. Chem. 2021; 45 (44) 20765-20775
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 21 Al Hassan MK, Alfarsi A, Nasser MS, Hussein IA, Khan I. Ionic Liquids and NADES for Removal of Organic Pollutants and Heavy Metals in Wastewater: A Comprehensive Review. J. Mol. Liq. 2023; 391 123163
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 22 Padinhattath SP, Chenthamara B, Gardas RL. Ionic Liquids as Alternative Solvents for Energy Conservation and Environmental Engineering. Acta Innov. 2021; 38: 62-79
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 23 Fesliyan S, Maslov MM, Sanaullah. Altunay N, Kaya S. Investigation of Magnetic Ionic Liquids for Selective and Rapid Extraction of Gallic Acid from Complex Samples Using Experimental, Statistical Modeling and Density Functional Theory Studies. Food Chem. 2024; 460 140516
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 24 Khan HW, Zailan AA, Bhaskar Reddy AV, Goto M, Moniruzzaman M. Ionic Liquid-Based Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction of Succinic Acid from Aqueous Streams: COSMO-RS Screening and Experimental Verification. Environ. Technol. 2024; 45: 3828-3839
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 25 Yu L, Li Z, Huang W, Ali A, Chen Y, Zhao G, Yao S. Recovery and Post-Treatment Processes for Ionic Liquids and Deep Eutectic Solvents. J. Mol. Liq. 2024; 402 124767
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 26 Singh SK, Savoy AW. Ionic Liquids Synthesis and Applications: An Overview. J. Mol. Liq. 2020; 297 112038
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 27 Austen Angell C, Ansari Y, Zhao Z. Ionic Liquids: Past, Present and Future. Faraday Discuss. 2012; 154: 9-27
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 28 Jorge M.S.A, Athira K.K, Alves M.B, Gardas R.L. Textile dyes effluents: A current scenario and the use of aqueous biphasic systems for the recovery of dyes. J. Water Process Eng. 2023; 55 104125
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 29 Walden P. About the molecular size and electrical conductivity of some molten salts. Bull. Acad. Impér. Sci. 1914; 8: 405-422
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 30 Hurley FH, WIer TP. Electrodeposition of Metals from Fused Quaternary Ammonium Salts. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1951; 98: 203-206
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 31 Welton T. Ionic Liquids: A Brief History. Biophys. Rev. 2018; 10: 691-706
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 32 Wilkes JS, Zaworotko MJ. Air and Water Stable I-Ethyl-3-Methylimidazolium Based Ionic Liquids. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1992; 965-967
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 33 Giernoth R. Task-Specific Ionic Liquids. Angew. Chem., Int. Edi. 2010; 49: 2834-2839
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 34 Llaver M, Fiorentini EF, Quintas PY, Oviedo MN, Botella Arenas MB, Wuilloud RG. Task-Specific Ionic Liquids: Applications in Sample Preparation and the Chemistry behind Their Selectivity. Adv. Sample Prep. 2022; 1 100004
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 35 MacFarlane DR, Chong AL, Forsyth M, Kar M, Vijayaraghavan R, Somers A, Pringle JM. New Dimensions in Salt-Solvent Mixtures: A 4th Evolution of Ionic Liquids. Faraday Discuss. 2018; 206: 9-28
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 36 Angell CA, Byrne N, Belieres JP. Parallel Developments in Aprotic and Protic Ionic Liquids: Physical Chemistry and Applications. Acc. Chem. Res. 2007; 40: 1228-1236
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 37 Esperança JM. S. S, Lopes JN. C, Tariq M, Santos LM. N. B. F, Magee JW, Rebelo LP. N. Volatility of Aprotic Ionic Liquids-A Review. J. Chem. Eng. Data 2010; 55: 3-12
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 38 Greaves TL, Drummond CJ. Protic Ionic Liquids: Properties and Applications. Chem. Rev. 2008; 108: 206-237
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 39 Bailey J, Byrne EL, Goodrich P, Kavanagh P, Swadźba-Kwaśny M. Protic Ionic Liquids for Sustainable Uses. Green Chem. 2023; 26: 1092-1131
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 40 Doi H, Song X, Minofar B, Kanzaki R, Takamuku T, Umebayashi Y. A New Proton Conductive Liquid with No Ions: Pseudo-Protic Ionic Liquids. Chem. – Eur. J. 2013; 19: 11522-11526
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 41 Watanabe H, Umecky T, Arai N, Nazet A, Takamuku T, Harris KR, Kameda Y, Buchner R, Umebayashi Y. Possible Proton Conduction Mechanism in Pseudo-Protic Ionic Liquids: A Concept of Specific Proton Conduction. J. Phys. Chem. B 2019; 123: 6244-6252
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 42 Watanabe H, Arai N, Jihae H, Kawana Y, Umebayashi Y. Ionic Conduction within Non-Stoichiometric N-Methylimidazole-Acetic Acid Pseudo-Protic Ionic Liquid Mixtures. J. Mol. Liq. 2022; 352 118705
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 43 Abe H, Ohkubo T, Miike T. PH Variation in Protic and Pseudo-Protic Ionic Liquid–Water Solutions. Results Chem. 2023; 6 101045
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 44 Santos E, Albo J, Irabien A. Magnetic Ionic Liquids: Synthesis, Properties and Applications. RSC Adv. 2014; 4: 40008-40018
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 45 Hayashi S, Hamaguchi HO. Discovery of a Magnetic Ionic Liquid [Bmim]FeCl4 . Chem. Lett. 2004; 33: 1590-1591
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 46 Clark KD, Nacham O, Purslow JA, Pierson SA, Anderson JL. Magnetic Ionic Liquids in Analytical Chemistry: A Review. Anal. Chim. Acta 2016; 934: 9-21
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 47 Sajid M. Magnetic Ionic Liquids in Analytical Sample Preparation: A Literature Review. TrAC, Trends Anal. Chem. 2019; 113: 210-223
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 48 dos Santos AD, Morais AR. C, Melo C, Bogel-Łukasik R, Bogel-Łukasik E. Solubility of Pharmaceutical Compounds in Ionic Liquids. Fluid Phase Equilib. 2013; 356: 18-29
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 49 Smith KB, Bridson RH, Leeke GA. Solubilities of Pharmaceutical Compounds in Ionic Liquids. J. Chem. Eng. Data 2011; 56: 2039-2043
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 50 Jisha KJ, Rajamani S, Singh D, Sharma G, Gardas RL. A Comparative Study of Ionothermal Treatment of Rice Straw Using Triflate and Acetate-Based Ionic Liquids. J. Ion. Liq. 2022; 2 100037
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 51 Tadesse H, Luque R. Advances on Biomass Pretreatment Using Ionic Liquids: An Overview. Energy Environ. Sci. 2011; 4: 3913-3929
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 52 Ocreto JB, Chen WH, Rollon AP, Chyuan Ong H, Pétrissans A, Pétrissans M, De Luna MD. G. Ionic Liquid Dissolution Utilized for Biomass Conversion into Biofuels, Value-Added Chemicals and Advanced Materials: A Comprehensive Review. Chem. Eng. J. 2022; 445 136733
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 53 Kumar A, Bisht M, Venkatesu P. Biocompatibility of Ionic Liquids towards Protein Stability: A Comprehensive Overview on the Current Understanding and Their Implications. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2017; 96: 611-651
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 54 Kaim V, Rintala J, He C. Selective Recovery of Rare Earth Elements from E-Waste via Ionic Liquid Extraction: A Review. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2023; 306 122699
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 55 Goutham R, Rohit P, Vigneshwar SS, Swetha A, Arun J, Gopinath KP, Pugazhendhi A. Ionic Liquids in Wastewater Treatment: A Review on Pollutant Removal and Degradation, Recovery of Ionic Liquids, Economics and Future Perspectives. J. Mol. Liq. 2022; 349 118150
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 56 Sun X, Luo H, Dai S. Ionic Liquids-Based Extraction: A Promising Strategy for the Advanced Nuclear Fuel Cycle. Chem. Rev. 2012; 112: 2100-2128
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 57 Tiago GA. O, Matias IA. S, Ribeiro AP. C, Martins LM. D. R. S. Application of Ionic Liquids in Electrochemistry—Recent Advances. Molecules 2020; 25: 5812
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 58 Ray A, Saruhan B. Application of Ionic Liquids for Batteries and Supercapacitors. Materials 2021; 14: 2942
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 59 Deng MJ, Chen PY, Leong TI, Sun IW, Chang JK, Tsai WT. Dicyanamide Anion Based Ionic Liquids for Electrodeposition of Metals. Electrochem. Commun. 2008; 10: 213-216
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 60 Sen S, Goodwin SE, Barbará PV, Rance GA, Wales D, Cameron JM, Sans V, Mamlouk M, Scott K, Walsh DA. Gel-Polymer Electrolytes Based on Poly(Ionic Liquid)/Ionic Liquid Networks. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. 2021; 3: 200-208
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 61 Sarkar B, Prabakaran P, Prasad E, Gardas RL. Pyridine Appended Poly(Alkyl Ether) Based Ionogels for Naked Eye Detection of Cyanide Ions: A Metal-Free Approach. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2020; 8: 8327-8337
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 62 Shiddiky MJ. A, Torriero AA. J. Application of Ionic Liquids in Electrochemical Sensing Systems. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2011; 75: 1775-1787
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 63 Das I, Rama Swami K, Gardas RL. Influence of Alkyl Substituent on Thermophysical Properties and CO2 Absorption Studies of Diethylenetriamine-Based Ionic Liquids. J. Mol. Liq. 2023; 371 121114
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 64 Islam N, Warsi Khan H, Gari AA, Yusuf M, Irshad K. Screening of Ionic Liquids as Sustainable Greener Solvents for the Capture of Greenhouse Gases Using COSMO-RS Approach: Computational Study. Fuel 2022; 330 125540
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 65 Vekariya RL. A Review of Ionic Liquids: Applications towards Catalytic Organic Transformations. J. Mol. Liq. 2017; 227: 44-60
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 66 Kowalczyk K, Spychaj T. Zinc-Free Varnishes and Zinc-Rich Paints Modified with Ionic Liquids. Corros. Sci. 2014; 78: 111-120
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 67 Zheng D, Dong L, Huang W, Wu X, Nie N. A Review of Imidazolium Ionic Liquids Research and Development towards Working Pair of Absorption Cycle. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 2014; 37: 47-68
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 68 Baharuddin SH, Mustahil NA, Reddy AV. B, Abdullah AA, Mutalib MI. A, Moniruzzaman M. Development, Formulation and Optimization of a Novel Biocompatible Ionic Liquids Dispersant for the Effective Oil Spill Remediation. Chemosphere 2020; 249 126125
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 69 Joseph A, Zyła G, Thomas VI, Nair PR, Padmanabhan AS, Mathew S. Paramagnetic Ionic Liquids for Advanced Applications: A Review. J. Mol. Liq. 2016; 218: 319-331
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 70 El shafiee CE, El-Nagar RA, Nessim MI, Khalil MM. H, Shaban ME, Alharthy RD, Ismail DA, Abdallah RI, Moustafa YM. Application of Asymmetric Dicationic Ionic Liquids for Oil Spill Remediation in Sea Water. Arab. J. Chem. 2021; 14 103123
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 71 Snigur D, Azooz EA, Zhukovetska O, Guzenko O, Mortada W. Low-Density Solvent-Based Liquid–Liquid Microextraction for Separation of Trace Concentrations of Different Analytes. TrAC, Trends Anal. Chem. 2023; 167 117260
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 72 Silveira JR. K, Brudi LC, Waechter SR, Mello PA, Costa AB, Duarte FA. Copper Determination in Beer by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry after Extraction and Preconcentration by Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction. Microchem. J. 2023; 184 108181
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 73 Zhou Q, Bai H, Xie G, Xiao J. Temperature-Controlled Ionic Liquid Dispersive Liquid Phase Micro-Extraction. J. Chromatogr. A 2008; 1177: 43-49
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 74 Psillakis E. Vortex-Assisted Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Revisited. TrAC, Trends Anal. Chem. 2019; 113: 332-339
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 75 Basaiahgari A, Gardas R.L. Ionic liquid–based aqueous biphasic systems as sustainable extraction and separation techniques. Curr. Opin. Green Sustainable Chem. 2021; 27 100423
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 76 Torbati M, Farajzadeh MA, Afshar Mogaddam MR, Torbati M. Development of Microwave-Assisted Liquid–Liquid Extraction Combined with Lighter than Water in Syringe Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Using Deep Eutectic Solvents: Application in Extraction of Some Herbicides from Wheat. Microchem. J. 2019; 147: 1103-1108
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 77 Abdi K, Ezoddin M, Pirooznia N. Ultrasound-Assisted Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Based on Solidification of Floating Organic Droplet Using Deep Eutectic Solvent as Disperser for Preconcentration of Ni and Co. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 2023; 103: 4806-4819
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 78 Khachatryan KS, Smirnova SV, Torocheshnikova II, Shvedene NV, Formanovsky AA, Pletnev IV. Solvent Extraction and Extraction-Voltammetric Determination of Phenols Using Room Temperature Ionic Liquid. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2005; 381: 464-470
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 79 Vidal ST. M, Correia MJ. N, Marques MM, Ismael MR, Reis MT. A. Studies on the Use of Ionic Liquids as Potential Extractants of Phenolic Compounds and Metal Ions. Sep. Sci. Technol. 2004; 39: 2155-2169
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 80 Egorov VM, Smirnova SV, Pletnev IV. Highly Efficient Extraction of Phenols and Aromatic Amines into Novel Ionic Liquids Incorporating Quaternary Ammonium Cation. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2008; 63: 710-715
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 81 Cesari L, Canabady-Rochelle L, Mutelet F. Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Aqueous Solution Using Choline Bis(Trifluoromethylsulfonyl)Imide. Fluid Phase Equilib. 2017; 446: 28-35
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 82 González EJ, Díaz I, Gonzalez-Miquel M, Rodríguez M, Sueiras A. On the Behavior of Imidazolium versus Pyrrolidinium Ionic Liquids as Extractants of Phenolic Compounds from Water: Experimental and Computational Analysis. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2018; 201: 214-222
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 83 Sas OG, Domínguez I, González B, Domínguez Á. Liquid–Liquid Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Water Using Ionic Liquids: Literature Review and New Experimental Data Using [C2mim]FSI. J. Environ. Manage. 2018; 228: 475-482
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 84 Sas OG, Sánchez PB, González B, Domínguez Á. Removal of Phenolic Pollutants from Wastewater Streams Using Ionic Liquids. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2020; 236 116310
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 85 Yao C, Li T, Twu P, Pitner WR, Anderson JL. Selective Extraction of Emerging Contaminants from Water Samples by Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Using Functionalized Ionic Liquids. J. Chromatogr. A 2011; 1218: 1556-1566
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 86 Hou D, Guan Y, Di X. Temperature-Induced Ionic Liquids Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction of Tetracycline Antibiotics in Environmental Water Samples Assisted by Complexation. Chromatographia 2011; 73: 1057-1064
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 87 Parrilla Vázquez MM, Parrilla Vázquez P, Martínez Galera M, Gil García MD, Uclés A. Ultrasound-Assisted Ionic Liquid Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Coupled with Liquid Chromatography-Quadrupole-Linear Ion Trap-Mass Spectrometry for Simultaneous Analysis of Pharmaceuticals in Wastewaters. J. Chromatogr. A 2013; 1291: 19-26
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 88 Padinhattath S.P, Gardas RL. Extraction of Diclofenac Sodium from Water Using N-Benzylethanolamine Based Ionic Liquids: Computational and Experimental Approach. J. Mol. Liq. 2023; 378 121603
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 89 Liu JF, Chi YG, Peng JF, Jiang GB, Jönsson JÅ. Ionic Liquids/Water Distribution Ratios of Some Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. J. Chem. Eng. Data 2004; 49: 1422-1424
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 90 Fan YC, Hu ZL, Chen ML, Tu CS, Zhu Y. Ionic Liquid Based Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction of Aromatic Amines in Water Samples. Chin. Chem. Lett. 2008; 19: 985-987
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 91 Pena MT, Casais MC, Mejuto MC, Cela R. Development of an Ionic Liquid Based Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Method for the Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Water Samples. J. Chromatogr. A 2009; 1216: 6356-6364
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 92 AlSaleem SS, Zahid WM, Alnashef IM, Haider H. Extraction of Halogenated Hydrocarbons Using Hydrophobic Ionic Liquids. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2017; 184: 231-239
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 93 He L, Luo X, Xie H, Wang C, Jiang X, Lu K. Ionic Liquid-Based Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Followed High-Performance Liquid Chromatography for the Determination of Organophosphorus Pesticides in Water Sample. Anal. Chim. Acta 2009; 655: 52-59
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 94 Liu Y, Zhao E, Zhu W, Gao H, Zhou Z. Determination of Four Heterocyclic Insecticides by Ionic Liquid Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction in Water Samples. J. Chromatogr. A 2009; 1216: 885-891
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 95 Zhang J, Li M, Yang M, Peng B, Li Y, Zhou W, Gao H, Lu R. Magnetic Retrieval of Ionic Liquids: Fast Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction for the Determination of Benzoylurea Insecticides in Environmental Water Samples. J. Chromatogr. A 2012; 1254: 23-29
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 96 Zhao RS, Wang X, Sun J, Wang SS, Yuan JP, Wang XK. Trace Determination of Triclosan and Triclocarban in Environmental Water Samples with Ionic Liquid Dispersive Liquid-Phase Microextraction Prior to HPLC-ESI-MS-MS. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2010; 397: 1627-1633
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 97 Zhao RS, Wang X, Zhang LL, Wang SS, Yuan JP. Ionic Liquid/Ionic Liquid Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction, a New Sample Enrichment Procedure for the Determination of Hexabromocyclododecane Diastereomers in Environmental Water Samples. Anal. Methods 2011; 3: 831-836
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 98 Bhosale VK, Patil NV, Kulkarni PS. Treatment of Energetic Material Contaminated Wastewater Using Ionic Liquids. RSC Adv. 2015; 5: 20503-20510
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 99 Yao C, Anderson JL. Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Using an in Situ Metathesis Reaction to Form an Ionic Liquid Extraction Phase for the Preconcentration of Aromatic Compounds from Water. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2009; 395: 1491-1502
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 100 López-Darias J, Pino V, Ayala JH, Afonso AM. In-Situ Ionic Liquid-Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Method to Determine Endocrine Disrupting Phenols in Seawaters and Industrial Effluents. Microchim. Acta 2011; 174: 213-222
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 101 Zhong Q, Su P, Zhang Y, Wang R, Yang Y. In-Situ Ionic Liquid-Based Microwave-Assisted Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction of Triazine Herbicides. Microchim. Acta 2012; 178: 341-347
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 102 Zhou Q, Bai H, Xie G, Xiao J. Trace Determination of Organophosphorus Pesticides in Environmental Samples by Temperature-Controlled Ionic Liquid Dispersive Liquid-Phase Microextraction. J. Chromatogr. A 2008; 1188: 148-153
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 103 Zhou Q, Gao Y, Xiao J, Xie G. Sensitive Determination of Phenols from Water Samples by Temperature-Controlled Ionic Liquid Dispersive Liquid-Phase Microextraction. Anal. Methods 2011; 3: 653-658
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 104 Zhang Y, Lee HK. Ionic Liquid-Based Ultrasound-Assisted Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Followed High-Performance Liquid Chromatography for the Determination of Ultraviolet Filters in Environmental Water Samples. Anal. Chim. Acta 2012; 750: 120-126
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 105 Wang H, Yang X, Hu L, Gao H, Lu R, Zhang S, Zhou W. Detection of Triazole Pesticides in Environmental Water and Juice Samples Using Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction with Solidified Sedimentary Ionic Liquids. New J. Chem. 2016; 40: 4696-4704
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 106 Zeeb M, Farahani H. Ionic Liquid-Based Ultrasound-Assisted In-Situ Solvent Formation Microextraction and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography for the Trace Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Environmental Water Samples. J. Appl. Chem. Res. 2018; 12: 77-91
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 107 Vijayaraghavan R, Vedaraman N, Surianarayanan M, MacFarlane DR. Extraction and Recovery of Azo Dyes into an Ionic Liquid. Talanta 2006; 69: 1059-1062
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 108 Li C, Xin B, Xu W, Zhang Q. Study on the Extraction of Dyes into a Room-Temperature Ionic Liquid and Their Mechanisms. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 2007; 82: 196-204
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 109 Othman N, Mili N, Zailani SN, Aimi N, Mohammad B. Extraction of Remazol Brilliant Orange 3R from Textile Wastewater using Tetrabutyl Ammonium Bromide. J. Teknol. 2010; 53: 29-39
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 110 Zhang Z, Zhou K, Bu YQ, Shan ZJ, Liu JF, Wu XY, Yang LQ, Chen ZL. Determination of Malachite Green and Crystal Violet in Environmental Water Using Temperature-Controlled Ionic Liquid Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Coupled with High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Anal. Methods 2012; 4: 429-433
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 111 Chen X, Li F, Asumana C, Yu G. Extraction of Soluble Dyes from Aqueous Solutions with Quaternary Ammonium-Based Ionic Liquids. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2013; 106: 105-109
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 112 Talbi Z, Haddou B, Ghouas H, Kameche M, Derriche Z. Gourdon, C Cationic Dye Removal from Aqueous Solutions Using Ionic Liquid and Nonionic Surfactant-Ionic Liquid Systems: A Comparative Study Based upon Experimental Design. Chem. Eng. Commun. 2014; 201: 41-52
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 113 Fan J, Fan Y, Zhang S, Wang J. Extraction of Azo Dyes from Aqueous Solutions with Room Temperature Ionic Liquids. Sep. Sci. Technol. 2011; 46: 1172-1177
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 114 Ferreira AM, Coutinho JA. P, Fernandes AM, Freire MG. Complete Removal of Textile Dyes from Aqueous Media Using Ionic-Liquid-Based Aqueous Two-Phase Systems. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2014; 128: 58-66
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 115 Santos Klienchen Dalari BL, Lisboa Giroletti C, Malaret FJ, Skoronski E, P. Hallett J, Matias WG, Puerari RC, Nagel-Hassemer ME. Application of a Phosphonium-Based Ionic Liquid for Reactive Textile Dye Removal: Extraction Study and Toxicological Evaluation. J. Environ. Manage. 2022; 304 114322
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 116 Padinhattath SP, Govindaraj J, Gardas RL. Exploring Non-Stoichiometric Pseudoprotic Ionic Liquid for Effective Elimination of Cationic Dyes from Textile Effluent: A Circular Approach. J. Water Process Eng. 2024; 58 104921
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 117 Dai S, Ju YH, Barnes CE. Solvent Extraction of Strontium Nitrate by a Crown Ether Using Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids, Journal of the Chemical Society. Dalton Trans. 1999; 1201-1202
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 118 Stepinski DC, Jensen MP, Dzielawa JA, Dietz ML. Synergistic Effects in the Facilitated Transfer of Metal Ions into Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids. Green Chem. 2005; 7: 151-158
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 119 Luo H, Huang JF, Dai S. Solvent Extraction of Sr2+and Cs+using Protic Amide-Based Ionic Liquids. Sep. Sci. Technol. 2010; 45: 1679-1688
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 120 Turanov AN, Karandashev VK, Baulin VE. Extraction of Alkaline Earth Metal Ions with TODGA in the Presence of Ionic Liquids. Solvent Extr. Ion Exch. 2010; 28: 367-387
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 121 Toncheva GK, Hristov DG, Milcheva NP, Gavazov KB. Extraction-Chromogenic System for Nickel(II) Based on 5-Methyl-4-(2-Thiazolylazo)Resorcinol and Aliquat 336. Acta Chim. Slov. 2020; 67: 151-158
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 122 Dukov I, Atanassova M. Synergistic solvent extraction of Ce(III) with mixtures of chelating extractant and quaternary ammonium salt. J. Univ. Chem. Technol. Metall. 2002; 4: 5-12
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 123 Wankowski JL, Dietz ML. Ionic Liquid (IL) Cation and Anion Structural Effects on Metal Ion Extraction into Quaternary Ammonium-Based ILs. Solvent Extr. Ion Exch. 2016; 34: 48-59
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 124 Takahashi T, Ito T, Kim SY. Extraction Behavior of Sr (II) from High-Level Liquid Waste Using Ionic Liquid Extraction System with DtBuCH18C6. Energy Procedia 2017; 131: 170-177
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 125 Shi C, Jing Y, Jia Y. Solvent Extraction of Lithium Ions by Tri-n-Butyl Phosphate Using a Room Temperature Ionic Liquid. J. Mol. Liq. 2016; 215: 640-646
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 126 Shi C, Jing Y, Xiao J, Wang X, Jia Y. Liquid–Liquid Extraction of Lithium Using Novel Phosphonium Ionic Liquid as an Extractant. Hydrometallurgy 2017; 169: 314-320
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 127 Deferm C, Van De Voorde M, Luyten J, Oosterhof H, Fransaer J, Binnemans K. Purification of Indium by Solvent Extraction with Undiluted Ionic Liquids. Green Chem. 2016; 18: 4116-4127
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 128 Eguchi A, Morita K, Hirayama N. Ionic Liquid Chelate Extraction Behavior of Trivalent Group 13 Metals into 1-Alkyl-3-methylimidazolium Bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imides Using 8-Quinolinol as Chelating Extractant. Anal. Sci. 2019; 35: 1003-1007
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 129 Luo D, Zhu N, Li Y, Cui J, Wu P, Wang J. Simultaneous Leaching and Extraction of Indium from Waste LCDs with Acidic Ionic Liquids. Hydrometallurgy 2019; 189 105146
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 130 Alguacil FJ, Escudero E. Solvent Extraction of Indium(III) from HCl Solutions by the Ionic Liquid (A324H+)(Cl−) Dissolved in Solvesso 100. Hydrometallurgy 2019; 189 105104
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 131 Alguacil FJ, López FA. Dispersion-Free Extraction of In(III) from HCl Solutions Using a Supported Liquid Membrane Containing the HA324H+Cl− Ionic Liquid as the Carrier. Sci. Rep. 2020; 10: 13868
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 132 Papaiconomou N, Lee JM, Salminen J, von Stosch T, Prausnitz JM. Selective Extraction of Copper, Mercury, Silver, and Palladium Ions from Water Using Hydrophobic Ionic Liquids. Ind. Chem. Eng. Res. 2008; 47: 5080-5086
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 133 Kogelnig D, Stojanovic A, Galanski MS, Groessl M, Jirsa F, Krachler R, Keppler BK. Greener Synthesis of New Ammonium Ionic Liquids and Their Potential as Extracting Agents. Tetrahedron Lett. 2008; 49: 2782-2785
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 134 Egorov VM, Djigailo DI, Momotenko DS, Chernyshov DV, Torocheshnikova II, Smirnova SV, Pletnev IV. Task-Specific Ionic Liquid Trioctylmethylammonium Salicylate as Extraction Solvent for Transition Metal Ions. Talanta 2010; 80: 1177-1182
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 135 Rajendran A, Ragupathy D, Priyadarshini M, Magesh A, Jaishankar P, Madhavan NS, Sajitha K, Balaji S. Effective Extraction of Heavy Metals from Their Effluents Using Some Potential Ionic Liquids as Green Chemicals. E-J. Chem. 2011; 8: 697-702
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 136 Domańska U, Rękawek A. Extraction of Metal Ions from Aqueous Solutions Using Imidazolium Based Ionic Liquids. J. Solution Chem. 2009; 8: 697-702
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 137 Fetouhi B, Belarbi H, Benabdellah A, Kasmi-Mir S, Kirsch G. Extraction of the heavy metals from the aqueous phase in ionic liquid 1 butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate by N-salicylideneaniline. J. Mater. Environ. Sci. 2016; 7: 746-754 https://www.jmaterenvironsci.com/Document/vol7/vol7_N3/88-JMES-1114-2014%20-Fetouhi.pdf
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 138 Thasneema KK, Dipin T, Thayyil MS, Sahu PK, Messali M, Rosalin T, Elyas KK, Saharuba PM, Anjitha T, Hadda TB. Removal of Toxic Heavy Metals, Phenolic Compounds and Textile Dyes from Industrial Waste Water Using Phosphonium Based Ionic Liquids. J. Mol. Liq. 2021; 323 114645
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 139 Matsumoto M, Yamaguchi T, Tahara Y. Extraction of Rare Earth Metal Ions with an Undiluted Hydrophobic Pseudoprotic Ionic Liquid. Metals 2020; 10: 502
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 140 Janssen CH. C. Heavy Metal Extractions from NaCl Brines to Pseudoprotic Ionic Liquids. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2021; 60: 1808-1816
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 141 Deng Y, Ding Y, Huang Z, Yu Y, He J, Zhang Y. Boosting the Extraction of Rare Earth Elements from Chloride Medium by Novel Carboxylic Acid Based Ionic Liquids. J. Mol. Liq. 2021; 329 115549
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 142 Castillo-Ramírez C, Janssen CH. C. Pseudo-Protic Ionic Liquids for the Extraction of Metals Relevant for Urban Mining. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2023; 62: 627-636
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 143 Padinhattath SP, Gardas RL. Effective elimination of multiple heavy metal ions from wastewater using circular liquid–liquid extraction based on trioctylammonium carboxylate ionic liquids. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2025; 356 Part A, 129880
    Search in Google Scholar