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Planta Med
DOI: 10.1055/a-2510-9958
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Monotherapy or Combination Therapy of Oleanolic Acid? From Therapeutic Significance and Drug Delivery to Clinical Studies: A Comprehensive Review

Md. Adil Shaharyar
1   Bioequivalence Study Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
,
Tanmoy Banerjee
2   Molecular Pharmacology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
,
Monalisha Sengupta
3   Ajanta Pharma Limited, Ajanta House, Charkop, Kandivali (W), Mumbai, India
,
Rudranil Bhowmik
1   Bioequivalence Study Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
,
Arnab Sarkar
1   Bioequivalence Study Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
,
Pallab Mandal
1   Bioequivalence Study Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
,
Sami I. Alzarea
4   Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia
,
Nilanjan Ghosh
2   Molecular Pharmacology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
,
Jamal Akhtar
5   The Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine (CCRUM), Ministry of ayush, Government of India, Janakpuri, New Delhi, India
,
Imran Kazmi
6   Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
,
Sanmoy Karmakar 
1   Bioequivalence Study Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
› Author AffiliationsThe authors are thankful to the Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine (CCRUM) Ministry of AYUSH (Govt. of India) F.No: 3 – 72/2020-CCRUM/TECH and the State Government Research Fellowship Scheme (Ref. no.: P-1/RS/08/23 dated 19.01.2023).
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Abstract

Oleanolic acid is a pentacyclic triterpenoid molecule widely distributed throughout medicinal plants. This naturally occurring oleanolic acid has attracted considerable interest due to its wide range of pharmacological characteristics, notably its cytotoxic effects on various human cancer cell lines, making it a potential candidate for extensive therapeutic uses. In vivo studies have shown that oleanolic acid possesses hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. The inherent obstacles of oleanolic acid, such as low permeability, limited bioavailability, and poor water solubility, have restricted its therapeutic applicability. However, recent developments in drug delivery techniques have given oleanolic acid an additional advantage by overcoming issues with its solubility, stability, and bioavailability. This review briefly summarises the signalling pathways involved in the pharmacological activities of oleanolic acid as a monotherapy and in combination with other drugs. The review devotes a substantial portion to explaining the formulation developments, emphasising nanotechnology as a key factor in the improvement of the therapeutic potential of oleanolic acid. Several investigated novel formulations have been discussed, including liposomes, nanoemulsions, phospholipids, and polymeric nanoparticles, emerging synergistically as an efficient delivery of oleanolic acid and several other drugs. Based on our literature evaluation, it can be inferred that combination therapy had a more favourable outcome than using oleanolic acid alone in in vivo trials, primarily due to its synergistic effects. However, it is essential to note that this finding was inconsistent across all investigations. The combination of oleanolic acid with other drugs has not yet been considered for clinical trials. However, it is interesting that neither therapy has obtained approval from the U. S. Food and Drug Administration.

Keywords

oleanolic acid - combination therapy - pharmacological activity - drug delivery


Publication History

Received: 18 June 2024

Accepted after revision: 06 November 2024

Accepted Manuscript online:
07 January 2025

Article published online:
10 March 2025

© 2025. Thieme. All rights reserved.

Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Oswald-Hesse-Straße 50, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany

 

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