Rofo 2025; 197(06): 638-647
DOI: 10.1055/a-2419-9782
Review

Parapharyngeal Space: Diagnostic Imaging and Intervention

Article in several languages: English | deutsch
1   Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt Center of Radiology, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ringgold ID: RIN360144)
,
Iris Burck
1   Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt Center of Radiology, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ringgold ID: RIN360144)
,
Timo Stöver
2   Clinic for Ear, Nose and Throat Medicine, Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ringgold ID: RIN14984)
,
Rania Helal
1   Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt Center of Radiology, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ringgold ID: RIN360144)
3   Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Ain Shams University Faculty of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt (Ringgold ID: RIN68792)
› Author Affiliations

Abstract

Background

Diagnosis of lesions of the parapharyngeal space (PPS) often poses a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge due to its deep location. As a result of the topographical relationship to nearby neck spaces, a very precise differential diagnosis is possible based on imaging criteria. When in doubt, imaging-guided – usually CT-guided – biopsy and even drainage remain options.

Method

Through a precise analysis of the literature including the most recent publications, this review precisely describes the basic and most recent imaging applications for various PPS pathologies and the differential diagnostic scheme for assigning the respective lesions in addition to the possibilities of using interventional radiology.

Results

The different pathologies of PPS from congenital malformations and inflammation to tumors are discussed according to frequency. Characteristic criteria and, more recently, the use of advanced imaging procedures and the introduction of artificial intelligence (AI) allow a very precise differential diagnosis and support further diagnosis and therapy. After precise access planning, almost all pathologies of the PPS can be biopsied or, if necessary, drained using CT-assisted procedures.

Conclusion

Radiological procedures play an important role in the diagnosis and treatment planning of PPS pathologies.

Key Points

  • Lesions of the PPS account for about 1–2% of all pathologies of the head and neck region. The majority are benign lesions and inflammatory processes.

  • If differential diagnostic questions remain unanswered, material can – if necessary – be obtained via a CT-guided biopsy. Exclusion criteria are hypervascularized processes, especially paragangliomas and angiomas.

  • The use of artificial intelligence (AI) in head and neck imaging of various pathologies, such as tumor segmentation, pathological TMN classification, detection of lymph node metastases, and extranodal extension, has significantly increased in recent years.

Citation Format

  • Vogl TJ, Burck I, Stöver T et al. Parapharyngeal Space: Diagnostic Imaging and Intervention. Rofo 2025; 197: 638–646



Publication History

Received: 27 February 2024

Accepted after revision: 13 September 2024

Article published online:
04 December 2024

© 2024. Thieme. All rights reserved.

Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Oswald-Hesse-Straße 50, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany

 
  • References

  • 1 Bulut OC, Giger R, Alwagdani A. et al. Primary neoplasms of the parapharyngeal space: diagnostic and therapeutic pearls and pitfalls. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2021; 278 (12) 4933-4941
  • 2 Koenig LJ, Tamimi D, Perschbacher SE. Parapharyngeal space. In: Koenig LJ, Tamimi D, Perschbacher SE. , ed. Diagnostic Imaging part I: Oral and Maxillofacial. Elsevier; 2017: 168-171
  • 3 Dammann F, Bootz F, Cohnen M. et al. Diagnostic imaging modalities in head and neck disease. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2014; 111: 417-423
  • 4 Widmann G, Henninger B, Kremser C. et al. MRI Sequences in Head & Neck Radiology – State of the Art. MRI-Sequenzen in der Kopf-Hals-Radiologie – State of the Art. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2017; 189 (05) 413-422
  • 5 Pham N, Ju C, Kong T. et al. Artificial Intelligence in Head and Neck Imaging. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 2022; 43 (02) 170-175
  • 6 Chinnery T, Arifin A, Tay KY. et al. Utilizing Artificial Intelligence for Head and Neck Cancer Outcomes Prediction From Imaging. Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal 2021; 72 (01) 73-85
  • 7 Tortora M, Gemini L, Scaravilli A. et al. Radiomics Applications in Head and Neck Tumor Imaging: A Narrative Review. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15 (04) 1174
  • 8 Shin JH, Lee HK, Kim SY. et al. Parapharyngeal second branchial cyst manifesting as cranial nerve palsies: MR findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2001; 22 (03) 510-512
  • 9 Tomblinson CM, Fletcher GP, Lidner TK. et al. Parapharyngeal Space Venous Malformation: An Imaging Mimic of Pleomorphic Adenoma. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2019; 40 (01) 150-153
  • 10 Shin JH, Lee HK, Kim SY. et al. Imaging of parapharyngeal space lesions: focus on the prestyloid compartment. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2001; 177 (06) 1465-1470
  • 11 Hirvonen J, Heikkinen J, Nyman M. et al. MRI of acute neck infections: evidence summary and pictorial review. Insights Imaging 2023; 14 (01) 5
  • 12 Akın I, Karagöz T, Mutlu M. et al. Pleomorphic adenomas of the parapharyngeal space. Case Rep Otolaryngol 2014; 2014: 168401
  • 13 Kakimoto N, Gamoh S, Tamaki J. et al. CT and MR images of pleomorphic adenoma in major and minor salivary glands. Eur J Radiol 2009; 69 (03) 464-472
  • 14 Riffat F, Dwivedi RC, Palme C. et al. A systematic review of 1143 parapharyngeal space tumors reported over 20 years. Oral Oncol 2014; 50 (05) 421-430
  • 15 Xia X, Feng B, Wang J. et al. Deep Learning for Differentiating Benign From Malignant Parotid Lesions on MR Images. Front Oncol 2021; 11: 632104. Published 2021;
  • 16 Zheng X, Huang C, Yu B. et al. Differentiation of neurogenic tumours and pleomorphic adenomas in the parapharyngeal space based on texture analysis of T2WI. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23(1): 548. Published 2023;
  • 17 Faur AC, Buzaș R, Lăzărescu AE. et al. Current Developments in Diagnosis of Salivary Gland Tumors: From Structure to Artificial Intelligence. Life 2024; 14 (06) 727
  • 18 Wong CE, Huang CC, Chuang MT. et al. Quantification of vessel separation using the carotid-jugular angle to predict the nerve origin of neck peripheral nerve sheath tumours: a pooled analysis of cases from the literature and a single-center cohort. Int J Surg 2023; 109(9): 2704–2713. Published 2023;
  • 19 Katre MI, Telang RA. Schwannoma of parapharyngeal space: a case report. Indian J Surg 2015; 77 (01) 79-81
  • 20 Kulkarni M. Vagal Schwannoma and Carotid Body Tumor: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Appearance and Differential Diagnosis. Int J Head Neck Surg 2015; 6 (04) 195-196
  • 21 Kunimatsu N, Kunimatsu A, Miura K. et al. Differentiation between pleomorphic adenoma and schwannoma in the parapharyngeal space: histogram analysis of apparent diffusion coefficient. Dentomaxillofacial Radiology 2023; 52 (07) 20230140
  • 22 Lin EP, Chin BB, Fishbein L. et al. Head and Neck Paragangliomas: An Update on the Molecular Classification, State-of-the-Art Imaging, and Management Recommendations. Radiol Imaging Cancer 2022; 4 (03) e210088
  • 23 McClelland AC, Shifteh K, Burns J. Advances in Head and Neck Paraganglioma Imaging. Adv Clin Radiol 2022; 4 (01) 195-214
  • 24 Heckl S, Bösmüller H, Ioanoviciu SD. et al. Imaging Diagnosis of Glomus Tumors of the Head and Neck – Bildgebung bei Glomustumoren des Kopfes und Halses (Paragangliom, Chemodektoma). Fortsch Röntgenstr 2015; 187 (06) 409-414
  • 25 Li L, Xu H, Chen X. et al. Management of Multiple Head and Neck Paragangliomas With Assistance of a 3-D Model. Ear, Nose & Throat Journal 2023; 102 (06) 362-368
  • 26 Mukherji SK, Chong V. Neurofibroma. In: Mukherji SK, Chong V. , ed. Atlas of Head and Neck Imaging. Stuttgart: Thieme; 2004
  • 27 Pal P, Singh B, Sood AS. Unusual parapharyngeal lipoma. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2015; 67 (Suppl. 01) 158-160
  • 28 Gandhi D, Gemmete JJ, Ansari SA. et al. Interventional neuroradiology of the head and neck. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2008; 29 (10) 1806-1815