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DOI: 10.1055/a-2406-9484
Bandscheibenvorfall in der Adoleszenz – selten und herausfordernd?
Disc Herniation in Adolescents – Uncommon and Clinically Challenging?Authors
Zusammenfassung
Symptomatische lumbale Bandscheibenvorfälle im Kindes- und Jugendalter sind mit einer Inzidenz von 1–5% bei Personen unter 20 Jahren selten, stellen jedoch sowohl diagnostisch als auch therapeutisch eine besondere Herausforderung dar. Die Pathophysiologie unterscheidet sich grundlegend von der bei Erwachsenen, da degenerative Prozesse eine untergeordnete Rolle spielen. Stattdessen dominieren mechanische Belastungen, anatomische Prädispositionen und genetische Faktoren. Hochintensive Sportarten mit axialer Kompression der Lendenwirbelsäule erhöhen das Risiko signifikant.
Die Segmente L4/5 und L5/S1 sind in 90% der Fälle betroffen. Klinisch präsentieren sich die Patienten mit lumbalen Rückenschmerzen, radikulären Symptomen und gelegentlich neurologischen Defiziten. Die Diagnosestellung wird durch unspezifische und intermittierende Beschwerden erschwert, was zu durchschnittlichen Diagnoseverzögerungen von 6–10 Monaten führen kann. Eine wichtige Differenzialdiagnose stellt die Apophysenringfraktur dar, die aufgrund der noch nicht abgeschlossenen Verknöcherung in dieser Altersgruppe auftreten kann und einer eigenen Therapie bedarf.
Die MRT gilt als diagnostischer Goldstandard des adoleszenten lumbalen Bandscheibenvorfalls, da sie eine differenzierte Beurteilung der Bandscheiben und Nervenwurzeln ermöglicht. Die Therapie erfolgt primär konservativ durch Aktivitätsanpassung, Physiotherapie und medikamentöse Schmerztherapie. In Einzelfällen kann eine Infiltrationstherapie erwogen werden. Operative Eingriffe sollten nur bei neurologischen Ausfällen oder therapieresistenten Verläufen indiziert werden. Bei richtiger Indikation zeigen sie dann jedoch auch gute Langzeitergebnisse. Zusammenfassend ist die Prognose des adoleszenten Bandscheibenvorfalls bei adäquater Behandlung insgesamt günstig, wenngleich Rezidive und das Fortschreiten degenerativer Veränderungen möglich sind.
Abstract
Symptomatic lumbar disc herniations in childhood and adolescence are rare, with an incidence of 1–5% in individuals under 20 years of age, but present a particular diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. The pathophysiology differs fundamentally from that in adults, as degenerative processes play a subordinate role. Instead, mechanical overload, anatomical predispositions, and genetic factors predominate. High-intensity sports involving axial compression of the lumbar spine significantly increase the risk. The L4/5 and L5/S1 segments are affected in 90% of cases. Clinically, patients present with low back pain, radicular symptoms, and occasionally neurological deficits. Diagnosis is complicated by nonspecific and intermittent symptoms, which can lead to average diagnostic delays of 6–10 months. An important differential diagnosis is apophyseal ring fracture, which is common in this age group due to incomplete ossification and requires its own specific management. MRI is considered the diagnostic gold standard for adolescent lumbar disc herniation, as it allows for detailed assessment of the discs and nerve roots. Treatment is primarily conservative, including activity modification, physiotherapy, and pharmacological pain management. In selected cases, infiltration therapy may be considered. Surgical interventions should be reserved for cases with neurological deficits or therapy-resistant courses, but if appropriately indicated, they also show good long-term outcomes. In summary, the prognosis for adolescent disc herniation is generally favorable with adequate treatment, although recurrences and progression of degenerative changes are possible.
Schlüsselwörter
adoleszenter lumbaler Bandscheibenvorfall - lumbale Schmerzen - Kindes- und Jugendalter - ApophysenringfrakturKeywords
adolescent lumbar disc herniation - lumbar pain - childhood and adolescence - apophyseal ring fracturePublication History
Article published online:
20 October 2025
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