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DOI: 10.1055/a-2348-0638
Das schwere Thoraxtrauma: Indikationen und Kontraindikationen für operative und nicht operative Versorgungsstrategien
Severe Thoracic Trauma Indications and Contraindications for Non-operative and Operative Treatment Strategies
Zusammenfassung
Das schwere Thoraxtrauma kann einerseits als penetrierende oder stumpfe Monoverletzung oder im Rahmen einer Polytraumatisierung auftreten. Bei der Hälfte der im TraumaRegister DGU dokumentierten Schwerverletzten ist ein schweres Thoraxtrauma, definiert nach Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) mit ≥ 3, diagnostiziert worden. Im eigenen Kollektiv betrug der Anteil 60%. Die Notfallthorakotomie im Schockraum oder innerhalb der 1. Stunde nach Aufnahme ist in Deutschland mit 0,9% der schweren Thoraxverletzungen eine äußerst seltene Intervention. Das differenzierte Management von komplexen Polytraumata und umfangreichen pathophysiologischen Reaktionen auf die Traumatisierung haben ebenso wie das Wissen über die Entstehung von Sekundärschaden dazu geführt, dass durch minimalinvasive Verfahren wie videoassistierte Thorakoskopien (VATS) oder das Einlegen einer Thoraxdrainage der Großteil der schweren Thoraxverletzungen erfolgreich therapiert werden kann. Dabei sind penetrierende Verletzungen des Thorax mit < 4% eine Seltenheit. Mit steigender Tendenz weisen unter den stumpfen Thoraxverletzungen > 6% eine instabile Thoraxwand auf, die einer operativen Rekonstruktion bedarf. Die demografische Entwicklung in Deutschland führt dazu, dass zunehmend auch Niedrigenergietraumata zu höhergradigen Thoraxwandverletzungen mit penetrierenden Rippenfrakturen in Pleura, Lunge, Peri- bzw. Myokard und Zwerchfell führen. Eine Thoraxwandinstabilität mit hochgradiger Einschränkung der Atemmechanik kann zu fulminanten Pneumonien bis hin zum ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome) führen. In der vergangenen Dekade hat vor diesem Hintergrund die operative Thoraxwandrekonstruktion stark an Bedeutung gewonnen. Auf der Grundlage der überzeugenden Evidenz ist die klinische Beurteilung des Umfangs und der Schwere des Traumas und der Grad der atemmechanischen Einschränkung die Basis für eine strukturierte Entscheidung über eine nicht operative oder operativ-rekonstruktive Strategie sowie den OP-Zeitpunkt, die OP-Art und den OP-Umfang. Durch die frühzeitige OP innerhalb von 72 h können Morbidität (Pneumonierate, Intensivliegedauer und Beatmungsdauer) sowie Letalität verringert werden. In dem folgenden Artikel werden evidenzbasierte Algorithmen zur operativen und nicht operativen Versorgungsstrategie von schweren Thoraxverletzungen diskutiert. Dazu wurden in einer selektiven Literaturrecherche die wegweisenden Veröffentlichungen zu Indikationsstellung, Versorgungsstrategie und Therapieempfehlungen der schweren Thoraxverletzung sowie Thoraxwandrekonstruktion eingeschlossen.
Abstract
Severe thoracic trauma can occur as a penetrating or blunt mono-injury or as part of a polytrauma. Almost half of all severely injured patients documented in the TraumaRegister DGU were diagnosed with severe chest trauma, defined according to the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) as ≥ 3. In our own collective, the proportion was even higher with 60%. Emergency surgical treatment with a thoracotomy within the Trauma Resuscitation Unit or within the first hour of admission is an extremely rare intervention in Germany, accounting for 0.9% of severe thoracic injuries. The management of complex polytraumas and extensive pathophysiological reactions to the trauma, as well as knowledge about the development of secondary damage have led to the conclusion that minimally invasive procedures such as video-assisted thoracoscopy (VATS) or inserting a chest drain can resolve most severe thoracic injuries. At < 4%, penetrating injuries to the thorax are a rarity. Among blunt thoracic injuries, > 6% show an unstable thoracic wall that requires surgical reconstruction. The demographic development in Germany leads to a shift in injury pattern. Low-energy trauma results have lower incidence than higher-grade chest wall injuries with penetrating rib fractures in the pleura, lungs, peri-/myocardium and diaphragm. Sometimes this results in instability of the chest wall with severe restriction of respiratory mechanics, which leads to fulminant pneumonia and even ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). With this background, surgical chest wall reconstruction has become increasingly important over the past decade. Together with the underlying strong evidence, the assessment of the extend and severity of the trauma and the degree of respiratory impairment are the basis for a structured decision on a non-surgical or surgical-reconstructive strategy, as well as the timing, type and extent of surgery. Early surgery within 72 hours can reduce morbidity (pneumonia rate, duration of intensive care and ventilation) and mortality. In the following article, evidence-based algorithms for surgical and non-operative strategies are discussed in the context on the management of severe thoracic injuries. Thus, a selective literature search was carried out for the leading publications on indications, treatment strategy and therapy recommendations for severe thoracic injury, chest wall reconstruction.
Schlüsselwörter
Polytrauma - instabiler Thorax - operative Rekonstruktion der Thoraxwand - Indikationen und Kontraindikationen der operativen ThoraxversorgungKeywords
polytrauma - chest wall instability - flail chest - serial rib fracture - surgical reconstructionPublikationsverlauf
Eingereicht: 13. Februar 2024
Angenommen nach Revision: 15. Juni 2024
Artikel online veröffentlicht:
07. August 2024
© 2024. Thieme. All rights reserved.
Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Rüdigerstraße 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany
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