Efficacy of Cranial Orthosis for Plagiocephaly Based on 2D and 3D Evaluation

Abstract

Background With the advent of cranial orthoses as therapeutic medical devices for the treatment of severe positional head deformities in Japan, an increasing number of patients are being treated with them. However, assessing the effectiveness of a treatment is often difficult due to the use of different metrics. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of cranial orthoses for deformational plagiocephaly using two- (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) evaluation metrics.

Methods We conducted a retrospective study of infant patients with deformational plagiocephaly who underwent cranial orthosis treatment. We evaluated the severity of deformational plagiocephaly using cranial asymmetry (CA) and the cranial vault asymmetry index (CVAI) as 2D metrics, and anterior and posterior symmetry ratios as 3D metrics. The patients were divided into 24 subgroups based on the initial severity of each outcome and their age at the start of treatment. We analyzed the changes in outcomes and correlations within improvements across the age and severity categories.

Results Overall, 1,038 infants were included in this study. The mean CA, CVAI, and anterior and posterior symmetry ratios improved significantly after cranial orthosis treatment. The improvement in each score was greater in patients with more severe initial deformities and in those who underwent treatment at a younger age.

Conclusion Cranial orthosis treatment was effective in correcting deformational plagiocephaly in infants, as demonstrated by improvements in both 2D and 3D metrics. Patients with more severe initial deformities and those who underwent treatment at a younger age showed greater improvement.

Keywords

imaging - three-dimensional - orthotic devices - photogrammetry - plagiocephaly - nonsynostotic

Authors' Contributions

Conceptualization: H.K. (Kajita), I.T.

Data curation: H.K. (Kajita)

Formal analysis: not relevant

Funding acquisition: I.T., H.K. (Kajita)

Investigation: H.K. (Kajita)

Methodology: H.K. (Kajita), I.T.

Project administration: I.T.

Resources: I.T.

Software: H.K. (Kajita)

Supervision: I.T., H.K. (Komuro), S.N., I.K., K.S.

Validation: I.T., H.K. (Komuro), S.N., I.K., K.S.

Visualization: H.K. (Kajita)

Writing—original draft: H.K. (Kajita)

Writing—review and editing: H.K. (Kajita), I.T.

Ethical Approval

The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board (approval number: T-22001) with a waiver of consent.

Publication History

Received: 04 July 2023

Accepted: 30 November 2023

Accepted Manuscript online:
04 December 2023

Article published online:
24 January 2024

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