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Neuropediatrics 2023; 54(01): 068-072
DOI: 10.1055/a-1896-6154
Short Communication

Acute Corticosteroid Responsive Meningoencephalitis with Cerebral Vasculitis after COVID-19 Infection in a Thirteen-Year-Old

Grâce François
1   Clinical Neurophysiology Department, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
,
Pierre Cleuziou
2   Department of Pediatric Neurology, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
,
Quentin Vannod-Michel
3   Neuroradiology Department, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
,
Philippe Derambure
1   Clinical Neurophysiology Department, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
4   INSERM U1171, University of Lille, Lille, France
,
Sylvie Nguyen-The-Tich
2   Department of Pediatric Neurology, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
5   CHU Lille, ULR2694-METRICS, University of Lille, Lille, France
,
Laurence Chaton 
1   Clinical Neurophysiology Department, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
› Author Affiliations Funding None.
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Abstract

Introduction Various neurologic manifestations have already been described in children during or after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections. The central nervous system disorders reported in children are mainly encephalopathies during multisystem inflammatory syndrome. We present here an acute meningoencephalitis with cerebral vasculitis associated to a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection in a 13-year-old girl with a 1-year clinical, electroencephalogram (EEG), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) follow-up.

Case Report A 13-year-old girl presented acute symptoms of consciousness impairment, frontal headache, hyperthermia, and aphasia, with moderate lymphopenia (900/mm3), elevated C-reactive protein (17 mg/L), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pleocytosis (15 cells/mm3), slow background with frontal focalization on EEG, a left frontal ischemic lesion, leptomeningeal enhancement, and bilateral limbic fluid-attenuated inversion recovery hyperintensity on cerebral MRI. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for SARS-CoV-2 was positive in nasopharyngeal swab and COVID serology was positive for immunoglobulin (Ig) M and G, whereas extensive autoimmune antibody investigation was negative except for a positive low titer of anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in CSF and blood. The diagnosis of probable encephalitis associated to cerebral vasculitis after COVID infection was suggested and steroids pulse were started. She recovered within a few days. Six months later, she had moderate clinical sequels including persistent intermittent headaches, an isolated spatial deficit, and focal spikes on the EEG without argument for epilepsia.

Conclusion A teenager without previous medical history presented with acute encephalitis with leptomeningitis and vasculitis after a recent COVID-19 infection. Steroids pulse therapy allowed clinical improvement. Cerebral MRI and EEG helped diagnosis, follow-up of the encephalitis, and evolution after treatment.

Keywords

meningoencephalitis - COVID-19 - teenager - corticosteroid responsive - case report


Publication History

Received: 16 November 2021

Accepted: 06 July 2022

Accepted Manuscript online:
11 July 2022

Article published online:
23 December 2022

© 2022. Thieme. All rights reserved.

Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Rüdigerstraße 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany

 

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