Mechanical Loading on Cementoblasts: A Mini Review

Abstract

Orthodontic treatments are concomitant with mechanical forces and thereby cause teeth movements. The applied forces are transmitted to the tooth root and the periodontal ligaments which is compressed on one side and tensed up on the other side. Indeed, strong forces can lead to tooth root resorption and the crown-to-tooth ratio is reduced with the potential for significant clinical impact. The cementum, which covers the tooth root, is a thin mineralized tissue of the periodontium that connects the periodontal ligament with the tooth and is build up by cementoblasts. The impact of tension and compression on these cells is investigated in several in vivo and in vitro studies demonstrating differences in protein expression and signaling pathways. In summary, osteogenic marker changes indicate that cyclic tensile forces support whereas static tension inhibits cementogenesis. Furthermore, cementogenesis experiences the same protein expression changes in static conditions as static tension, but cyclic compression leads to the exact opposite of cyclic tension. Consistent with marker expression changes, the singaling pathways of Wnt/ß-catenin and RANKL/OPG show that tissue compression leads to cementum degradation and tension forces to cementogenesis. However, the cementum, and in particular its cementoblasts, remain a research area which should be explored in more detail to understand the underlying mechanism of bone resorption and remodeling after orthodontic treatments.

Kurzfassung

Kieferorthopädische Behandlungen verursachen Zahnbewegungen, indem sie Kräfte auf die Zähne ausüben. Die daraus resultierenden Kräfte führen dazu, dass die Zahnwurzel und das parodontale Ligament auf der einen Seite komprimiert und auf der anderen Seite gedehnt werden. Das Zement, das die Zahnwurzel bedeckt, ist ein dünnes mineralisiertes Gewebe des Zahnhalteapparats, welches das parodontale Ligament mit dem Zahn verbindet und von Zementoblasten gebildet wird. In vivo- und in vitro-Studien untersuchen die Auswirkungen von Zug- und Druckkräften auf diese Zellen, indem sie Unterschiede in der Proteinexpression und den Signalwegen aufzeigen. Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass die Veränderungen der osteogenen Marker darauf hindeuten, dass zyklische Zugkräfte die Zementbildung unterstützen, während statische Spannungen die Zementbildung hemmen. Darüber hinaus erfährt die Zementogenese unter statischen Bedingungen die gleichen Veränderungen der Proteinexpression wie unter statischer Spannung, aber zyklische Kompression führt zum genauen Gegenteil von zyklischer Spannung. In Übereinstimmung mit den Veränderungen der Markerexpression zeigen die Signalwege von Wnt/ß-Catenin und RANKL/OPG, dass Kompression zum Zementabbau und Zugkräfte zur Zementbildung führt. Das Zementum, genauer gesagt die Zementoblasten, bleiben jedoch ein Forschungsgebiet, dass noch eingehender erforscht werden muss.

Key words

Cementoblast - Compression - Tension - Mechanotransduction - Forces

Schlüsselwörter

Zementoblasten - Druck - Zug - Mechanotranduktion - Kräfte

Publication History

Received: 20 December 2021

Accepted after revision: 08 April 2022

Article published online:
30 May 2022

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