Postoperatives Komplikationsmanagement nach Wirbelsäuleneingriffen: das postoperative Delir

Zusammenfassung

Das postoperative Delir nach wirbelsäulenchirurgischen Eingriffen stellt eine häufige und schwerwiegende Komplikation dar. Die genaue Kenntnis von Risikofaktoren - wie z.B. ein vorangegangenes Delir, kognitive Einschränkungen, Einnahme delirogener Medikamente und Alkoholismus – hilft, Risikopatienten präoperativ zu identifizieren. Präventionsstrategien schließen nehmen der Prähabilitation (in erster Linie Verbesserung des Ernährungszustandes), das Ab- bzw. Umsetzen delirogener Medikamente, die strenge Indikationsstellung zu größeren operativen Eingriffen und das perioperative Blutungsmanagement ein. Standardisierte Tests erleichtern die postoperative Detektion eines Delirs. Bei der Behandlung steht die nicht-medikamentöse Therapie im Vordergrund. Sie schließt insbesondere die Kontinuierliche (Re)-Orientierung, Reizabschirmung, Homöostase, Schlafhygiene, rasche Mobilisierung und adäquate Therapie von Schmerzen und Infekten ein. Ist eine medikamentöse Therapie zusätzlich notwendig, empfiehlt sich Melperon oder Pipamperon für das hyperaktive Delir und Haloperidol bei starken Halluzinationen.

Abstract

Postoperative delirium after spine surgery is a common and serious complication. Accurate knowledge of risk factors-such as previous delirium, cognitive impairment, use of delirogenic medications, and alcoholism-helps identify at-risk patients preoperatively. Prevention strategies include taking prehabilitation (primarily improving nutritional status), discontinuing or reversing delirogenic medications, strict indication for major surgical procedures, and perioperative bleeding management. Standardized tests facilitate postoperative detection of delirium. Treatment focuses on non-drug therapy. In particular, it includes continuous (re)-orientation, stimulus shielding, homeostasis, sleep hygiene, rapid mobilization, and adequate therapy for pain and infections. If drug therapy is additionally necessary, melperone or pipamperone is recommended for hyperactive delirium and haloperidol for severe hallucinations.

Schlüsselwörter

postoperative Delir - Postoperatives Komplikationsmanagement - Prävention - Risikofaktoren

Keywords

Postoperative complication management - postoperative delirium

Publication History

Article published online:
26 August 2022

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