Operative Therapiestrategien bei primären Lebertumoren, hepatozellulären und Cholangio- inkl. Gallenblasenkarzinomen

Silvio Nadalin; Maren Peters; Alfred Königsrainer

doi:10.1055/a-1739-8909

Allgemein- und Viszeralchirurgie up2date, Inhaltsverzeichnis

Allgemein- und Viszeralchirurgie up2date 2022; 16(04): 313-331
DOI: 10.1055/a-1739-8909

Leber, Galle, Pankreas, Milz

Operative Therapiestrategien bei primären Lebertumoren, hepatozellulären und Cholangio- inkl. Gallenblasenkarzinomen

Was muss der Chirurg wissen?

Silvio Nadalin

,

Maren Peters

,

Alfred Königsrainer

Abstract

Alle Artikel dieser Rubrik

Primäre Lebertumoren (i. e. hepatozelluläres Karzinom und Cholangiokarzinom) haben eine sehr schlechte Prognose und sind eine der häufigsten Krebstodesursachen. Die einzige kurative Therapieoption stellt nach wie vor die radikale Resektion dar. Im Folgenden sollen sowohl das allgemeine chirurgische resektive Vorgehen als auch spezifische diagnostische und chirurgische Strategien bei den einzelnen Tumorentitäten und -subtypen beschrieben werden.

Schlüsselwörter

hepatozelluläres Karzinom - Cholangiokarzinom - Gallenblasenkarzinom - chirurgische Therapie

Volltext

Referenzen

Literatur
1 Robert Koch-Institut. Krebs in Deutschland. Im Internet (Stand: 29.05.2022): https://www.krebsdaten.de/Krebs/DE/Content/Publikationen/Krebs_in_Deutschland/kid_2021/kid_2021_c22_leber.pdf?__blob=publicationFile
2 Rauchfuss F, Scheuerlein H, Götz M. et al. [Hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma]. Chirurg 2010; 81: 941-952 quiz 953
3 Mejia JC, Pasko J. Primary Liver Cancers: Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma and Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Surg Clin North Am 2020; 100: 535-549
4 Robert Koch-Institut, Zentrum für Registerdaten. Krebsarten: Leberkrebs. Im Internet (Stand: 29.05.2022): https://www.krebsdaten.de/Krebs/DE/Content/Krebsarten/Leberkrebs/leberkrebs_node.html
5 AWMF. S3-Leitlinie Diagnostik und Therapie des Hepatozellulären Karzinoms und biliärer Karzinome. AWMF-Registernummer 032–053OL; Juni 2021. Im Internet (Stand: 29.05.2022): https://www.awmf.org/uploads/tx_szleitlinien/032-053OLk_S3_HCC_bili%25C3%25A4re_Karzinome_2021-06.pdf
6 Strohäker J, Königsrainer A, Nadalin S. [Role of the radiologist in surgery of colorectal liver metastases: What should be removed and what must remain]. Radiologe 2019; 59: 791-798
7 Rahbari NN, Garden OJ, Padbury R. et al. Posthepatectomy liver failure: a definition and grading by the International Study Group of Liver Surgery (ISGLS). Surgery 2011; 149: 713-724
8 Müller PC, Linecker M, Kirimker EO. et al. Induction of liver hypertrophy for extended liver surgery and partial liver transplantation: State of the art of parenchyma augmentation-assisted liver surgery. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2021; 406: 2201-2215
9 Chan T, DeGirolamo K, Chartier-Plante S. et al. Comparison of three caval reconstruction techniques in orthotopic liver transplantation: A retrospective review. Am J Surg 2017; 213: 943-949
10 Capobianco I, Strohäker J, Della Penna A. et al. [Preconditioning of the liver]. Chirurg 2019; 90: 542-547
11 European Association for Study of Liver, Asociacion Latinoamericana para el Estudio del Higado. EASL-ALEH Clinical Practice Guidelines: Non-invasive tests for evaluation of liver disease severity and prognosis. J Hepatol 2015; 63: 237-264
12 Cosgrove D, Piscaglia F, Bamber J. et al. EFSUMB guidelines and recommendations on the clinical use of ultrasound elastography. Part 2: Clinical applications. Ultraschall Med 2013; 34: 238-253
13 Imajo K, Kessoku T, Honda Y. et al. Magnetic Resonance Imaging More Accurately Classifies Steatosis and Fibrosis in Patients With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Than Transient Elastography. Gastroenterology 2016; 150: 626-637.e627
14 van Werven JR, Marsman HA, Nederveen AJ. et al. Assessment of hepatic steatosis in patients undergoing liver resection: comparison of US, CT, T1-weighted dual-echo MR imaging, and point-resolved 1H MR spectroscopy. Radiology 2010; 256: 159-168
15 Imamura H, Sano K, Sugawara Y. et al. Assessment of hepatic reserve for indication of hepatic resection: decision tree incorporating indocyanine green test. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 2005; 12: 16-22
16 Stockmann M, Lock JF, Malinowski M. et al. The LiMAx test: a new liver function test for predicting postoperative outcome in liver surgery. HPB (Oxford) 2010; 12: 139-146
17 Cieslak KP, Bennink RJ, de Graaf W. et al. Measurement of liver function using hepatobiliary scintigraphy improves risk assessment in patients undergoing major liver resection. HPB (Oxford) 2016; 18: 773-780
18 Mangold S, Bretschneider C, Fenchel M. et al. MRI for evaluation of potential living liver donors: a new approach including contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance cholangiography. Abdom Imaging 2012; 37: 244-251
19 Nilsson H, Blomqvist L, Douglas L. et al. Dynamic gadoxetate-enhanced MRI for the assessment of total and segmental liver function and volume in primary sclerosing cholangitis. J Magn Reson Imaging 2014; 39: 879-886
20 Nilsson H, Blomqvist L, Douglas L. et al. Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI for the assessment of liver function and volume in liver cirrhosis. Br J Radiol 2013; 86: 20120653
21 Cherqui D, Benoist S, Malassagne B. et al. Major liver resection for carcinoma in jaundiced patients without preoperative biliary drainage. Arch Surg 2000; 135: 302-308
22 Yokoyama Y, Nagino M, Nimura Y. Mechanism of impaired hepatic regeneration in cholestatic liver. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 2007; 14: 159-166
23 Nadalin S, Capobianco I, Königsrainer A. [Vascular management in anatomical liver resection]. Chirurg 2015; 86: 121-124
24 Kotewall CN, Cheung TT. Optimizing hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma in Asia-patient selection and special considerations. Transl Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 3: 75
25 Cornet M, Lim C, Salloum C. et al. Prognostic value of sarcopenia in liver surgery. J Visc Surg 2015; 152: 297-304
26 Walcott-Sapp S, Billingsley KG. Preoperative optimization for major hepatic resection. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2018; 403: 23-35
27 Simonetto DA, Liu M, Kamath PS. Portal Hypertension and Related Complications: Diagnosis and Management. Mayo Clin Proc 2019; 94: 714-726
28 European Association for the Study of the Liver. Electronic address: easloffice@easloffice.eu; European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: Management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2018; 69: 182-236
29 Lee YJ, Lee JM, Lee JS. et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma: diagnostic performance of multidetector CT and MR imaging-a systematic review and meta-analysis. Radiology 2015; 275: 97-109
30 Granito A, Galassi M, Piscaglia F. et al. Impact of gadoxetic acid (Gd-EOB-DTPA)-enhanced magnetic resonance on the non-invasive diagnosis of small hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013; 37: 355-363
31 Inoue T, Kudo M, Komuta M. et al. Assessment of Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI for HCC and dysplastic nodules and comparison of detection sensitivity versus MDCT. J Gastroenterol 2012; 47: 1036-1047
32 Maiwald B, Lobsien D, Kahn T. et al. Is 3-Tesla Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI with diffusion-weighted imaging superior to 64-slice contrast-enhanced CT for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma?. PLoS One 2014; 9: e111935
33 Sun HY, Lee JM, Shin CI. et al. Gadoxetic acid-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging for differentiating small hepatocellular carcinomas (< or = 2 cm in diameter) from arterial enhancing pseudolesions: special emphasis on hepatobiliary phase imaging. Invest Radiol 2010; 45: 96-103
34 Hong G, Suh KS, Suh SW. et al. Alpha-fetoprotein and (18)F-FDG positron emission tomography predict tumor recurrence better than Milan criteria in living donor liver transplantation. J Hepatol 2016; 64: 852-859
35 Lin CY, Liao CW, Chu LY. et al. Predictive Value of 18F-FDG PET/CT for Vascular Invasion in Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma Before Liver Transplantation. Clin Nucl Med 2017; 42: e183-e187
36 Berry K, Ioannou GN. Serum alpha-fetoprotein level independently predicts posttransplant survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Transpl 2013; 19: 634-645
37 Llovet JM, Brú C, Bruix J. Prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: the BCLC staging classification. Semin Liver Dis 1999; 19: 329-338
38 Reig M, Forner A, Rimola J. et al. BCLC strategy for prognosis prediction and treatment recommendation: The 2022 update. J Hepatol 2022; 76: 681-693
39 Mazzaferro V. Squaring the circle of selection and allocation in liver transplantation for HCC: An adaptive approach. Hepatology 2016; 63: 1707-1717
40 Lai Q, Vitale A, Iesari S. et al. Intention-to-treat survival benefit of liver transplantation in patients with hepatocellular cancer. Hepatology 2017; 66: 1910-1919
41 Zhou Y, Lei X, Wu L. et al. Outcomes of hepatectomy for noncirrhotic hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review. Surg Oncol 2014; 23: 236-242
42 Faber W, Sharafi S, Stockmann M. et al. Long-term results of liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma in noncirrhotic liver. Surgery 2013; 153: 510-517
43 Cauchy F, Zalinski S, Dokmak S. et al. Surgical treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma associated with the metabolic syndrome. Br J Surg 2013; 100: 113-121
44 Dasari BV, Kamarajah SK, Hodson J. et al. Development and validation of a risk score to predict the overall survival following surgical resection of hepatocellular carcinoma in non-cirrhotic liver. HPB (Oxford) 2020; 22: 383-390
45 Roayaie S, Jibara G, Tabrizian P. et al. The role of hepatic resection in the treatment of hepatocellular cancer. Hepatology 2015; 62: 440-451
46 Ishizawa T, Hasegawa K, Aoki T. et al. Neither multiple tumors nor portal hypertension are surgical contraindications for hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2008; 134: 1908-1916
47 Torzilli G, Belghiti J, Kokudo N. et al. A snapshot of the effective indications and results of surgery for hepatocellular carcinoma in tertiary referral centers: is it adherent to the EASL/AASLD recommendations?: an observational study of the HCC East-West study group. Ann Surg 2013; 257: 929-937
48 Koh YX, Tan HL, Lye WK. et al. Systematic review of the outcomes of surgical resection for intermediate and advanced Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage hepatocellular carcinoma: A critical appraisal of the evidence. World J Hepatol 2018; 10: 433-447
49 Tsilimigras DI, Bagante F, Moris D. et al. Recurrence Patterns and Outcomes after Resection of Hepatocellular Carcinoma within and beyond the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Criteria. Ann Surg Oncol 2020; 27: 2321-2331
50 Rizvi S, Khan SA, Hallemeier CL. et al. Cholangiocarcinoma – evolving concepts and therapeutic strategies. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2018; 15: 95-111
51 Nevarez NM, Yopp AC. Challenging the Treatment Paradigm: Selecting Patients for Surgical Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Portal Vein Tumor Thrombus. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2021; 8: 851-860
52 Luo F, Li M, Ding J. et al. The Progress in the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma With Portal Vein Tumor Thrombus. Front Oncol 2021; 11: 635731
53 Zhang XP, Gao YZ, Chen ZH. et al. In-hospital Mortality after Surgical Resection in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients with Portal Vein Tumor Thrombus. J Cancer 2019; 10: 72-80
54 Navadgi S, Chang CC, Bartlett A. et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of outcomes after liver resection in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with and without bile duct thrombus. HPB (Oxford) 2016; 18: 312-316
55 Razumilava N, Gores GJ. Cholangiocarcinoma. Lancet 2014; 383: 2168-2179
56 Banales JM, Marin JJG, Lamarca A. et al. Cholangiocarcinoma 2020: the next horizon in mechanisms and management. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 17: 557-588
57 Valle JW, Borbath I, Khan SA. et al. Biliary cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol 2016; 27: v28-v37
58 Zhang XF, Bagante F, Chakedis J. et al. Perioperative and Long-Term Outcome for Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: Impact of Major Versus Minor Hepatectomy. J Gastrointest Surg 2017; 21: 1841-1850
59 Bagante F, Spolverato G, Weiss M. et al. Assessment of the Lymph Node Status in Patients Undergoing Liver Resection for Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: the New Eighth Edition AJCC Staging System. J Gastrointest Surg 2018; 22: 52-59
60 Bagante F, Spolverato G, Weiss M. et al. Surgical Management of Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma in Patients with Cirrhosis: Impact of Lymphadenectomy on Peri-Operative Outcomes. World J Surg 2018; 42: 2551-2560
61 Ebata T, Mizuno T, Yokoyama Y. et al. Surgical resection for Bismuth type IV perihilar cholangiocarcinoma. Br J Surg 2018; 105: 829-838
62 El-Diwany R, Pawlik TM, Ejaz A. Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2019; 28: 587-599
63 Schnitzbauer AA, Eberhard J, Bartsch F. et al. The MEGNA Score and Preoperative Anemia are Major Prognostic Factors After Resection in the German Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma Cohort. Ann Surg Oncol 2020; 27: 1147-1155
64 Lang H, Sotiropoulos GC, Sgourakis G. et al. Operations for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: single-institution experience of 158 patients. J Am Coll Surg 2009; 208: 218-228
65 Bartsch F, Tripke V, Baumgart J. et al. Extended resection of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: A retrospective single-center cohort study. Int J Surg 2019; 67: 62-69
66 Mizuno T, Ebata T, Nagino M. Advanced hilar cholangiocarcinoma: An aggressive surgical approach for the treatment of advanced hilar cholangiocarcinoma: Perioperative management, extended procedures, and multidisciplinary approaches. Surg Oncol 2020; 33: 201-206
67 Rassam F, Roos E, van Lienden KP. et al. Modern work-up and extended resection in perihilar cholangiocarcinoma: the AMC experience. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2018; 403: 289-307
68 Primrose JN, Fox RP, Palmer DH. et al. Capecitabine compared with observation in resected biliary tract cancer (BILCAP): a randomised, controlled, multicentre, phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol 2019; 20: 663-673
69 Le Roy B, Gelli M, Pittau G. et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for initially unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Br J Surg 2018; 105: 839-847
70 Brindley PJ, Bachini M, Ilyas SI. et al. Cholangiocarcinoma. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2021; 7: 65
71 Doussot A, Groot-Koerkamp B, Wiggers JK. et al. Outcomes after Resection of Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: External Validation and Comparison of Prognostic Models. J Am Coll Surg 2015; 221: 452-461
72 Weber SM, Ribero D, OʼReilly EM. et al. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: expert consensus statement. HPB (Oxford) 2015; 17: 669-680
73 Simo KA, Halpin LE, McBrier NM. et al. Multimodality treatment of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: A review. J Surg Oncol 2016; 113: 62-83
74 Radtke A, Königsrainer A. Surgical Therapy of Cholangiocarcinoma. Visc Med 2016; 32: 422-426
75 DeOliveira ML, Cunningham SC, Cameron JL. et al. Cholangiocarcinoma: thirty-one-year experience with 564 patients at a single institution. Ann Surg 2007; 245: 755-762
76 Matsuo K, Rocha FG, Ito K. et al. The Blumgart preoperative staging system for hilar cholangiocarcinoma: analysis of resectability and outcomes in 380 patients. J Am Coll Surg 2012; 215: 343-355
77 Govil S, Reddy MS, Rela M. Surgical resection techniques for locally advanced hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2014; 399: 707-716
78 Nagino M, Ebata T, Yokoyama Y. et al. Evolution of surgical treatment for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma: a single-center 34-year review of 574 consecutive resections. Ann Surg 2013; 258: 129-140
79 Jarnagin WR, Fong Y, DeMatteo RP. et al. Staging, resectability, and outcome in 225 patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Ann Surg 2001; 234: 507-517 discussion 517–519
80 Hemming AW, Reed AI, Fujita S. et al. Surgical management of hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Ann Surg 2005; 241: 693-699 discussion 699–702
81 Ramos E. Principles of surgical resection in hilar cholangiocarcinoma. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2013; 5: 139-146
82 LaFemina J, Jarnagin WR. Surgical management of proximal bile duct cancers. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2012; 397: 869-879
83 Launois B, Reding R, Lebeau G. et al. Surgery for hilar cholangiocarcinoma: French experience in a collective survey of 552 extrahepatic bile duct cancers. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 2000; 7: 128-134
84 Nuzzo G, Giuliante F, Ardito F. et al. Improvement in perioperative and long-term outcome after surgical treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma: results of an Italian multicenter analysis of 440 patients. Arch Surg 2012; 147: 26-34
85 Hasegawa S, Ikai I, Fujii H. et al. Surgical resection of hilar cholangiocarcinoma: analysis of survival and postoperative complications. World J Surg 2007; 31: 1256-1263
86 Bismuth H, Corlette MB. Intrahepatic cholangioenteric anastomosis in carcinoma of the hilus of the liver. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1975; 140: 170-178
87 Naitoh I, Nakazawa T, Kato A. et al. Predictive factors for positive diagnosis of malignant biliary strictures by transpapillary brush cytology and forceps biopsy. J Dig Dis 2016; 17: 44-51
88 Navaneethan U, Njei B, Lourdusamy V. et al. Comparative effectiveness of biliary brush cytology and intraductal biopsy for detection of malignant biliary strictures: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastrointest Endosc 2015; 81: 168-176
89 Korc P, Sherman S. ERCP tissue sampling. Gastrointest Endosc 2016; 84: 557-571
90 Liu R, Cox Rn K, Siddiqui A. et al. Peroral cholangioscopy facilitates targeted tissue acquisition in patients with suspected cholangiocarcinoma. Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol 2014; 60: 127-133
91 Rocha FG, Matsuo K, Blumgart LH. et al. Hilar cholangiocarcinoma: the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center experience. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci 2010; 17: 490-496
92 Iacono C, Ruzzenente A, Campagnaro T. et al. Role of preoperative biliary drainage in jaundiced patients who are candidates for pancreatoduodenectomy or hepatic resection: highlights and drawbacks. Ann Surg 2013; 257: 191-204
93 Mansour JC, Aloia TA, Crane CH. et al. Hilar cholangiocarcinoma: expert consensus statement. HPB (Oxford) 2015; 17: 691-699
94 Nimura Y, Kamiya J, Kondo S. et al. Aggressive preoperative management and extended surgery for hilar cholangiocarcinoma: Nagoya experience. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 2000; 7: 155-162
95 Capobianco I, Rolinger J, Nadalin S. Resection for Klatskin tumors: technical complexities and results. Transl Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 3: 69
96 Strasberg SM, Belghiti J, Clavien PA. et al. The Brisbane 2000 Terminology of Liver Anatomy and Resections. HPB 2000; 2: 333-339
97 Nagino M, DeMatteo R, Lang H. et al. Proposal of a New Comprehensive Notation for Hepatectomy: The “New World” Terminology. Ann Surg 2021; 274: 1-3
98 Natsume S, Ebata T, Yokoyama Y. et al. Clinical significance of left trisectionectomy for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma: an appraisal and comparison with left hepatectomy. Ann Surg 2012; 255: 754-762
99 Shimizu H, Sawada S, Kimura F. et al. Clinical significance of biliary vascular anatomy of the right liver for hilar cholangiocarcinoma applied to left hemihepatectomy. Ann Surg 2009; 249: 435-439
100 Hirano S, Tanaka E, Shichinohe T. et al. Treatment strategy for hilar cholangiocarcinoma, with special reference to the limits of ductal resection in right-sided hepatectomies. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 2007; 14: 429-433
101 Hosokawa I, Shimizu H, Yoshidome H. et al. Surgical strategy for hilar cholangiocarcinoma of the left-side predominance: current role of left trisectionectomy. Ann Surg 2014; 259: 1178-1185
102 Rela M, Rajalingam R, Shanmugam V. et al. Novel en-bloc resection of locally advanced hilar cholangiocarcinoma: the Rex recess approach. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2014; 13: 93-97
103 Nagino M. Perihilar cholangiocarcinoma: a surgeonʼs viewpoint on current topics. J Gastroenterol 2012; 47: 1165-1176
104 Neuhaus P, Thelen A, Jonas S. et al. Oncological superiority of hilar en bloc resection for the treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2012; 19: 1602-1608
105 Tamoto E, Hirano S, Tsuchikawa T. et al. Portal vein resection using the no-touch technique with a hepatectomy for hilar cholangiocarcinoma. HPB (Oxford) 2014; 16: 56-61
106 Uchiyama H, Shirabe K, Araki K. et al. Left hepatectomy with simultaneous hepatic artery and portal vein reconstructions in the operation for cholangiocarcinoma: the surgical techniques comprised of step-by-step established procedures. Transl Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 2: 34
107 Nagino M, Nimura Y, Nishio H. et al. Hepatectomy with simultaneous resection of the portal vein and hepatic artery for advanced perihilar cholangiocarcinoma: an audit of 50 consecutive cases. Ann Surg 2010; 252: 115-123
108 Manfredi R, Barbaro B, Masselli G. et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of cholangiocarcinoma. Semin Liver Dis 2004; 24: 155-164
109 Cho ES, Park MS, Yu JS. et al. Biliary ductal involvement of hilar cholangiocarcinoma: multidetector computed tomography versus magnetic resonance cholangiography. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2007; 31: 72-78
110 Kato T, Tsukamoto E, Kuge Y. et al. Clinical role of (18)F-FDG PET for initial staging of patients with extrahepatic bile duct cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2002; 29: 1047-1054
111 Koehler RE, Korobkin M, Lewis F. Arteriographic demonstration of collateral arterial supply to the liver after hepatic artery ligation. Radiology 1975; 117: 49-54
112 Liang G, Wen T, Mi K. et al. Resection of hilar cholangiocarcinoma combined with left hepatectomy and common hepatic arteriectomy without reconstruction. Hepatogastroenterology 2012; 59: 364-365
113 Yasuda Y, Larsen PN, Ishibashi T. et al. Resection of hilar cholangiocarcinoma with left hepatectomy after pre-operative embolization of the proper hepatic artery. HPB (Oxford) 2010; 12: 147-152
114 Nagino M. Cutting edge of an aggressive surgical approach for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma. Updates Surg 2013; 65: 81-83
115 Chang Y, Li Q, Wu Q. et al. Impact of surgical strategies on the survival of gallbladder cancer patients: analysis of 715 cases. World J Surg Oncol 2020; 18: 142
116 Coimbra FJF, Torres OJM, Alikhanov R. et al. Brazilian Consensus on incidental gallbladder carcinoma. Arq Bras Cir Dig 2020; 33: e1496
117 Søreide K, Guest RV, Harrison EM. et al. Systematic review of management of incidental gallbladder cancer after cholecystectomy. Br J Surg 2019; 106: 32-45