The COVID-19 Pandemic and the Need for an Integrated and Equitable Approach: An International Expert Consensus Paper

Grigoris T. Gerotziafas; Mariella Catalano; Yiannis Theodorou; Patrick Van Dreden; Vincent Marechal; Alex C. Spyropoulos; Charles Carter; Nusrat Jabeen; Job Harenberg; Ismail Elalamy; Anna Falanga; Jawed Fareed; Petros Agathaggelou; Darko Antic; Pier Luigi Antignani; Manuel Monreal Bosch; Benjamin Brenner; Vladimir Chekhonin; Mary-Paula Colgan; Meletios-Athanasios Dimopoulos; Jim Douketis; Essam Abo Elnazar; Katalin Farkas; Bahare Fazeli; Gerry Fowkes; Yongquan Gu; Joseph Gligorov; Mark A. Ligocki; Tishya Indran; Meganathan Kannan; Bulent Kantarcioglu; Abdoul Aziz Kasse; Kostantinos Konstantinidis; Fabio Leivano; Joseph Lewis; Alexander Makatsariya; P Massamba Mbaye; Isabelle Mahé; Irina Panovska-Stavridis; Dan-Mircea Olinic; Chryssa Papageorgiou; Zsolt Pecsvarady; Sergio Pillon; Eduardo Ramacciotti; Hikmat Abdel-Razeq; Michele Sabbah; Mouna Sassi; Gerit Schernthaner; Fakiha Siddiqui; Jin Shiomura; Anny Slama-Schwok; Jean Claude Wautrecht; Alfonso Tafur; Ali Taher; Peter Klein-Wegel; Zenguo Zhai; Tazi Mezalek Zoubida; Scientific Reviewer Committee

doi:10.1055/a-1535-8807

Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Table of Contents

CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · Thromb Haemost 2021; 121(08): 992-1007
DOI: 10.1055/a-1535-8807

Consensus Paper

The COVID-19 Pandemic and the Need for an Integrated and Equitable Approach: An International Expert Consensus Paper

Grigoris T. Gerotziafas

¹Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 938, Research Group Cancer, Biology and Therapeutics, Centre de recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie, Paris, France

²Thrombosis Center, Tenon-Saint Antoine, Hôpitaux Universitaires de l'Est Parisien, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), France

,

Mariella Catalano

³Research Center on Vascular Disease & Angiology Unit, Department of Biomedical Science, L Sacco Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

,

Yiannis Theodorou

⁴Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses UPMC UMRS CR7, Inserm U1135, CNRS ERL 8255, Paris, France

,

Patrick Van Dreden

¹Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 938, Research Group Cancer, Biology and Therapeutics, Centre de recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie, Paris, France

,

Vincent Marechal

¹Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 938, Research Group Cancer, Biology and Therapeutics, Centre de recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie, Paris, France

,

Alex C. Spyropoulos

⁵Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York, United States

⁶Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia

,

Charles Carter

⁷Department of Clinical Research, College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Campbell University, Buies Creek, North Carolina, United States

,

Nusrat Jabeen

⁸Department of Microbiology, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan

,

Job Harenberg

⁹Department for Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany

¹⁰DOASENSE GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany

,

Ismail Elalamy

¹Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 938, Research Group Cancer, Biology and Therapeutics, Centre de recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie, Paris, France

²Thrombosis Center, Tenon-Saint Antoine, Hôpitaux Universitaires de l'Est Parisien, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), France

⁶Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia

,

Anna Falanga

¹¹Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine Department, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy

¹²School of Medicine, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy

,

Jawed Fareed

¹³Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Health Sciences Division, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, United States

¹⁴Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Health Sciences Division, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, United States

,

Petros Agathaggelou

¹⁵Cyprus Department of Interventional Cardiology, American Heart Institute of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus

,

Darko Antic

¹⁶Clinic of Hematology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

,

Pier Luigi Antignani

¹⁷Vascular Center, Nuova Villa Claudia, Rome, Italy

,

Manuel Monreal Bosch

¹⁸Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Germans Trias i Pujol de Badalona, Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain

,

Benjamin Brenner

¹⁹Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel

²⁰Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, The Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel

,

Vladimir Chekhonin

²¹Department of Fundamental and Applied Neurobiology, V. P. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

,

Mary-Paula Colgan

²²Department of Vascular Surgery, St. James's Hospital/Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland

,

Meletios-Athanasios Dimopoulos

²³Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

,

Jim Douketis

²⁴Division of Hematology and Thromboembolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

²⁵Division of Thoracic Surgery, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

,

Essam Abo Elnazar

²⁶Department of Surgery, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia

,

Katalin Farkas

²⁷Department of Angiology, St. Imre University Teaching Hospital, Budapest, Hungary

,

Bahare Fazeli

²⁸Immunology Department, Avicenna (Bu-Ali) Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran

,

Gerry Fowkes

²⁹Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

,

Yongquan Gu

³⁰Department of Vascular Surgery, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University and Institute of Vascular Surgery, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

,

Joseph Gligorov

¹Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 938, Research Group Cancer, Biology and Therapeutics, Centre de recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie, Paris, France

³¹Medical Oncology Department, CLIP(2) Galilée, Hôpital Tenon, Hôpitaux Universitaires de l'Est Parisien, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), France

,

Mark A. Ligocki

¹³Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Health Sciences Division, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, United States

¹⁴Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Health Sciences Division, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, United States

,

Tishya Indran

³²Australia Department of Haematology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia

,

Meganathan Kannan

³³Division of Blood and Vascular Biology, Department of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India

,

Bulent Kantarcioglu

³⁴Department of Hematology, Okmeydani Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey

,

Abdoul Aziz Kasse

³⁵Institut du Cancer UCAD, Centre International de Cancérologie de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal

,

Kostantinos Konstantinidis

³⁶5th Surgical Department, Group of Vascular Surgery, Hippokrateio General University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

,

Fabio Leivano

¹⁴Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Health Sciences Division, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, United States

,

Joseph Lewis

³⁷Department of Surgery, Stony Brook Southampton Hospital, Southampton, New York, United States

,

Alexander Makatsariya

⁶Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia

,

P Massamba Mbaye

³⁸Université Virtuelle du Sénégal, Dakar, Senegal

,

Isabelle Mahé

³⁹Innovative Therapies in Haemostasis, Hôpital Louis Mourier, APHP, Colombes, Université de Paris, INSERM, F-75006 Paris, France

,

Irina Panovska-Stavridis

⁴⁰University Clinic of Hematology, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia

,

Dan-Mircea Olinic

⁴¹Medical Clinic No. 1, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania

,

Chryssa Papageorgiou

⁴²Service Anesthésie, Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Hôpital Tenon, Hôpitaux Universitaires de l'Est Parisien, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Faculté de médecine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France

,

Zsolt Pecsvarady

⁴³Department of Vascular Medicine, Flor Ferenc Teaching Hospital, Kistarcsa, Hungary

,

Sergio Pillon

⁴⁴UOSD Angiology, San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, National Health Institute ISS, AO San Camillo Forlanini, Rome, Italy

,

Eduardo Ramacciotti

⁴⁵Hemostasis & Thrombosis Research Laboratories, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois, United States

⁴⁶Brazilian Clinical Research Institute, São Paulo, Brazil; Science Valley Research Institute, São Paulo, Brazil

,

Hikmat Abdel-Razeq

⁴⁷Department of Internal Medicine, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan

,

Michele Sabbah

¹Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 938, Research Group Cancer, Biology and Therapeutics, Centre de recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie, Paris, France

,

Mouna Sassi

⁴⁸Laboratoire de Biologie, Centre de Maternité et de Néonatologie, Hôpital Fattouma Bourguiba, Monastir, Tunisia

,

Gerit Schernthaner

⁴⁹Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine 2, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

,

Fakiha Siddiqui

⁵⁰Cardiovascular Research Institute, Health Sciences Divisions, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, United States

,

Jin Shiomura

⁵¹Nobelpharma Co. Ltd., Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan

,

Anny Slama-Schwok

¹Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 938, Research Group Cancer, Biology and Therapeutics, Centre de recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie, Paris, France

,

Jean Claude Wautrecht

⁵²Service de Pathologie Vasculaire, Hôpital ERASME, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium

,

Alfonso Tafur

⁵³Vascular Medicine, Northshore Cardiovascular Institute, Skokie, Illinois, United States

,

Ali Taher

⁵⁴Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon

,

Peter Klein-Wegel

⁵⁵Klinik für Angiologie, Zentrum für Innere Medizin II, Ernst von Bergmann Klinikum, Potsdam, Germany

,

Zenguo Zhai

⁵⁶Center of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China–Japan Friendship Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

⁵⁷Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China

,

Tazi Mezalek Zoubida

⁵⁸Clinical Hematology - Internal Medicine, Ibn Sina hospital, Mohammed V University, –Rabat, Morocco

,

Scientific Reviewer Committee

› Author Affiliations

Abstract

Background One year after the declaration of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) and despite the implementation of mandatory physical barriers and social distancing, humanity remains challenged by a long-lasting and devastating public health crisis.

Management Non-pharmacological interventions (NPIs) are efficient mitigation strategies. The success of these NPIs is dependent on the approval and commitment of the population. The launch of a mass vaccination program in many countries in late December 2020 with mRNA vaccines, adenovirus-based vaccines, and inactivated virus vaccines has generated hope for the end of the pandemic.

Current Issues The continuous appearance of new pathogenic viral strains and the ability of vaccines to prevent infection and transmission raise important concerns as we try to achieve community immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its variants. The need of a second and even third generation of vaccines has already been acknowledged by the WHO and governments.

Perspectives There is a critical and urgent need for a balanced and integrated strategy for the management of the COVID-19 outbreaks organized on three axes: (1) Prevention of the SARS-CoV-2 infection, (2) Detection and early diagnosis of patients at risk of disease worsening, and (3) Anticipation of medical care (PDA).

Conclusion The “PDA strategy” integrated into state policy for the support and expansion of health systems and introduction of digital organizations (i.e., telemedicine, e-Health, artificial intelligence, and machine-learning technology) is of major importance for the preservation of citizens' health and life world-wide.

Keywords

COVID-19 - SARS-CoV-2 - pandemic - thrombosis - health care systems

Full Text

References

References
1 https://solidarites-sante.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/avis_conseil_scientifique_6_mai_2021.pdf andhttps://www.lemonde.fr/podcasts/article/2021/06/30/le-variant-delta-peut-il-declencher-une-quatrieme-vague_6086296_5463015.html
2 Challen R, Brooks-Pollock E, Read JM, Dyson L, Tsaneva-Atanasova K, Danon L. Risk of mortality in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern 202012/1: matched cohort study. BMJ 2021; 372 (579) n579
3 Garcia-Beltran WF, Lam EC, St Denis K. et al. Multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants escape neutralization by vaccine-induced humoral immunity. Cell 2021; 184 (09) 2372-2383.e9
4 Paul P, France AM, Aoki Y. et al. Genomic Surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 variants circulating in the united states, December 2020-May 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021; 70 (23) 846-850
5 Johanna N, Citrawijaya H, Wangge G. Mass screening vs lockdown vs combination of both to control COVID-19: a systematic review. J Public Health Res 2020; 9 (04) 2011
6 Riccardo F, Ajelli M, Andrianou XD. et al; COVID-19 working group. Epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 cases and estimates of the reproductive numbers 1 month into the epidemic, Italy, 28 January to 31 March 2020. Euro Surveill 2020; 25 (49) 2000790
7 Carrat F, Touvier M, Severi G. et al; SAPRIS study group. Incidence and risk factors of COVID-19-like symptoms in the French general population during the lockdown period: a multi-cohort study. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21 (01) 169
8 Gaudart J, Landier J, Huiart L. et al. Factors associated with the spatial heterogeneity of the first wave of COVID-19 in France: a nationwide geo-epidemiological study. Lancet 2021; 6 (04) E222-E231
9 Timelli L, Girardi E. Effect of timing of implementation of containment measures on Covid-19 epidemic. The case of the first wave in Italy. PLoS One 2021; 16 (01) e0245656
10 Denford S, Morton KS, Lambert H. et al. Understanding patterns of adherence to COVID-19 mitigation measures: a qualitative interview study. J Public Health 2021; DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdab005.
11 Raude J, Lecrique JM, Lasbeur L. et al. Determinants of preventive behaviors in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in France: comparing the sociocultural, psychosocial, and social cognitive explanations. Front Psychol 2020; 11: 584500
12 https://univ-droit.fr/actualites-de-la-recherche/appels/34809-covid-19-constitutional-political-and-social-threats-and-challenges-in-france-and-the-united-kingdom Accessed June 27, 2021
13 SciencePo.. OSC papers. Accessed June 27, 2021 at: https://spire.sciencespo.fr/hdl:/2441/6vv2fug6nb8t29ilm995n9hbnh/resources/op-2020-1.pdf
14 Contreras S, Dehning J, Loidolt M. et al. The challenges of containing SARS-CoV-2 via test-trace-and-isolate. Nat Commun 2021; 12 (01) 378
15 Bendavid E, Oh C, Bhattacharya J, Ioannidis JPA. Assessing mandatory stay-at-home and business closure effects on the spread of COVID-19. Eur J Clin Invest 2021; 51 (04) e13484
16 Atlani-Duault L, Chauvin F, Yazdanpanah Y. et al. France's COVID-19 response: balancing conflicting public health traditions. Lancet 2020; 396 (10246) 219-221
17 Milman O, Yelin I, Aharony N. et al. Community-level evidence for SARS-CoV-2 vaccine protection of unvaccinated individuals. Nat Med 2021; DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01407-5.
18 European Commission.. Commission sets out key actions for a united front to beat COVID-19. Accessed June 27, 2021 at: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_21_143
19 Lazarus JV, Ratzan SC, Palayew A. et al. A global survey of potential acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine. Nat Med 2021; 27 (02) 225-228
20 Brandt EJ, Rosenberg J, Waselewski ME. et al. National study of youth opinions on vaccination for COVID-19 in the U.S. J Adolesc Health 2021; 68 (05) 869-872
21 Schmelz K, Bowles S. Overcoming COVID-19 vaccination resistance when alternative policies affect the dynamics of conformism, social norms, and crowding out. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118 (25) e2104912118
22 Gavi.. COVID-19 vaccines in development. Accessed June 27, 2021 at: https://www.gavi.org/sites/default/files/covid/covid-19-vaccines-development-phases.png
23 Kim JH, Marks F, Clemens JD. Looking beyond COVID-19 vaccine phase 3 trials. Nat Med 2021; 27 (02) 205-211
24 Baden LR, El Sahly HM, Essink B. et al; COVE Study Group. Efficacy and safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. N Engl J Med 2021; 384 (05) 403-416
25 Polack FP, Thomas SJ, Kitchin N. et al; C4591001 Clinical Trial Group. Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine. N Engl J Med 2020; 383 (27) 2603-2615
26 Logunov DY, Dolzhikova IV, Shcheblyakov DV. et al. Safety and efficacy of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine: an interim analysis of a randomised controlled phase 3 trial in Russia. Lancet 2021; 397 (10275): 671-681
27 Angelis A, Baltussen R, Tervonen T. The need for novel approaches in assessing the value of COVID-19 vaccines. Am J Public Health 2021; 111 (02) 205-208
28 Oxfam.. Small group of rich nations have bought up more than half the future supply of leading COVID-19 vaccine contenders. Accessed June 27, 2021 at: https://www.oxfam.org/fr/node/14233
29 UN News.. Low-income countries have received just 0.2 per cent of all COVID-19 shots given. Accessed June 27, 2021 at: https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/04/1089392
30 Our World in Data.. Coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccinations. Accessed June 27, 2021 at: https://ourworldindata.org/covid-vaccinations
31 Emanuel EJ, Luna F, Schaefer GO, Tan KC, Wolff J. Enhancing the WHO's proposed framework for distributing COVID-19 vaccines among countries. Am J Public Health 2021; 111 (03) 371-373
32 WHO.. Statement on the fifth meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Accessed June 27, 2021 at: https://www.who.int/news/item/30-10-2020-statement-on-the-fifth-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-coronavirus-disease-(covid-19)-pandemic
33 Foreign Policy.. Vaccine nationalism harms everyone and protects no one. Accessed June 27, 2021 at: https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/02/02/vaccine-nationalism-harms-everyone-and-protects-no-one/
34 Statista.. Impact of the coronavirus pandemic on the global economy - statistics & facts. Accessed June 27, 2021 at: https://www.statista.com/topics/6139/covid-19-impact-on-the-global-economy/
35 ICC.. Study shows vaccine nationalism could cost rich countries US$4.5 trillion. Accessed June 27, 2021 at: https://iccwbo.org/media-wall/news-speeches/study-shows-vaccine-nationalism-could-cost-rich-countries-us4-5-trillion/
36 WHO.. Statement on the sixth meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Accessed June 27, 2021 at: https://www.who.int/news/item/15-01-2021-statement-on-the-sixth-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-coronavirus-disease-(covid-19)-pandemic
37 Callaway E. Fast-spreading COVID variant can elude immune responses. Nature 2021; 589 (7843): 500-501
38 Callaway E. The coronavirus is mutating - does it matter?. Nature 2020; 585 (7824): 174-177
39 Hacisuleyman E, Hale C, Saito Y. et al. Vaccine breakthrough infections with SARS-CoV-2 variants. N Engl J Med 2021; 384 (23) 2212-2218
40 Long SW, Olsen RJ, Christensen PA. et al. Sequence analysis of 20,453 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 genomes from the Houston Metropolitan area identifies the emergence and widespread distribution of multiple isolates of all major variants of concern. Am J Pathol 2021; 191 (06) 983-992
41 Outbreak.info.. Accessed June 27, 2021 at: https://outbreak.info/situation-reports
42 Huang SW, Wang SF. SARS-CoV-2 entry related viral and host genetic variations: implications on COVID-19 severity, immune escape, and infectivity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22 (06) 3060
43 Gómez CE, Perdiguero B, Esteban M. Emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants and impact in global vaccination programs against SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9 (03) 243
44 Fergie J, Srivastava A. Immunity to SARS-CoV-2: lessons learned. Front Immunol 2021; 12: 654165
45 Fourati S, Decousser JW, Khouider S. et al. Novel SARS-CoV-2 variant derived from Clade 19B, France. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27 (05) 1540-1543
46 WHO.. SARS-CoV-2 mink-associated variant strain – Denmark. Accessed June 27, 2021 at: https://www.who.int/csr/don/06-november-2020-mink-associated-sars-cov2-denmark/en/
47 Walls AC, Park YJ, Tortorici MA, Wall A, McGuire AT, Veesler D. Structure, function, and antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein. Cell 2020; 181 (02) 281.e6-292.e6
48 Shu Y, McCauley J. GISAID: Global initiative on sharing all influenza data - from vision to reality. Euro Surveill 2017; 22 (13) 30494
49 Shajahan A, Supekar NT, Gleinich AS, Azadi P. Deducing the N- and O-glycosylation profile of the spike protein of novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Glycobiology 2020; 30 (12) 981-988
50 Collier DA, De Marco A, Ferreira IATM. et al; CITIID-NIHR BioResource COVID-19 Collaboration; COVID-19 Genomics UK (COG-UK) Consortium. Sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 to mRNA vaccine-elicited antibodies. Nature 2021; 593 (7857): 136-141
51 Madhi SA, Baillie V, Cutland CL. et al; NGS-SA Group; Wits-VIDA COVID Group. Efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Covid-19 vaccine against the B.1.351 variant. N Engl J Med 2021; 384 (20) 1885-1898
52 Steuwer B, Jamrozik E, Eyal N. Prioritizing second-generation SARS-CoV-2 vaccines through low-dosage challenge studies. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 105: 307-311
53 Callaway E, Ledford H. How to redesign COVID vaccines so they protect against variants. Nature 2021; 590 (7844): 15-16
54 EMA. COVID-19 Vaccine AstraZeneca: benefits still outweigh the risks despite possible link to rare blood clots with low blood platelets. Accessed June 27, 2021 at: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/covid-19-vaccine-astrazeneca-benefits-still-outweigh-risks-despite-possible-link-rare-blood-clots
55 Greinacher A, Thiele T, Warkentin TE, Weisser K, Kyrle PA, Eichinger S. Thrombotic thrombocytopenia after ChAdOx1 nCov-19 vaccination. N Engl J Med 2021; 384 (22) 2092-2101
56 CDC.. Joint CDC and FDA statement on Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine. Accessed June 27, 2021 at: https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2021/s0413-JJ-vaccine.html
57 EMA.. COVID-19 Vaccine Janssen: EMA finds possible link to very rare cases of unusual blood clots with low blood platelets. Accessed June 27, 2021 at: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/covid-19-vaccine-janssen-ema-finds-possible-link-very-rare-cases-unusual-blood-clots-low-blood
58 Schultz NH, Sørvoll IH, Michelsen AE. et al. Thrombosis and thrombocytopenia after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination. N Engl J Med 2021; 384 (22) 2124-2130
59 Pottegård A, Lund LC, Karlstad Ø. et al. Arterial events, venous thromboembolism, thrombocytopenia, and bleeding after vaccination with Oxford-AstraZeneca ChAdOx1-S in Denmark and Norway: population based cohort study. BMJ 2021; 373 (1114): n1114
60 Thiele T, Ulm L, Holtfreter S. et al. Frequency of positive anti-PF4/polyanion antibody tests after COVID-19 vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and BNT162b2. Blood 2021; DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021012217.
61 ISTH.. ISTH interim guidance for the diagnosis and treatment on vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (updated 20 April, 2021). Accessed June 27, 2021 at: https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.isth.org/resource/resmgr/ISTH_VITT_Guidance_2.pdf
62 Elalamy I, Gerotziafas G, Alamowitch S. et al. SARS-CoV-2 vaccine and thrombosis: expert opinions. Thromb Haemost 2021; DOI: 10.1055/a-1499-0119.
63 Carli G, Nichele I, Ruggeri M, Barra S, Tosetto A. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) occurring shortly after the second dose of mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Intern Emerg Med 2021; 16 (03) 803-804
64 Jiménez D, García-Sanchez A, Rali P. et al. Incidence of VTE and bleeding among hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Chest 2021; 159 (03) 1182-1196
65 Nopp S, Moik F, Jilma B, Pabinger I, Ay C. Risk of venous thromboembolism in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2020; 4 (07) 1178-1191
66 Roubinian NH, Dusendang JR, Mark DG. et al. Incidence of 30-day venous thromboembolism in adults tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection in an integrated health care system in Northern California. JAMA Intern Med 2021; 181 (07) 997-1000
67 Grasselli G, Greco M, Zanella A. et al; COVID-19 Lombardy ICU Network. Risk factors associated with mortality among patients with COVID-19 in intensive care units in Lombardy, Italy. JAMA Intern Med 2020; 180 (10) 1345-1355
68 NICE.. COVID-19 rapid guideline: managing the long-term effects of COVID-19. NICE guideline [NG188]. https://www.nice.org.uk/GUIDANCE/ng188 Accessed June 27, 2021
69 Ledford H. Could mixing COVID vaccines boost immune response?. Nature 2021; 590 (7846): 375-376
70 Phillips N. The coronavirus is here to stay - here's what that means. Nature 2021; 590 (7846): 382-384
71 World Health Organization. Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) when COVID-19 disease is suspected. Interim guidance 13 March 2020. Accessed June 27, 2021 at: https://www.who.int/publications-detail/clinical-management-of-severe-acute-respiratory-infection-when-novel-coronavirus-(ncov)-infection-is-suspected
72 Chauhan AJ, Wiffen LJ, Brown TP. COVID-19: A collision of complement, coagulation and inflammatory pathways. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18 (09) 2110-2117
73 Terpos E, Ntanasis-Stathopoulos I, Elalamy I. et al. Hematological findings and complications of COVID-19. Am J Hematol 2020; 95 (07) 834-847
74 Menter T, Haslbauer JD, Nienhold R. et al. Postmortem examination of COVID-19 patients reveals diffuse alveolar damage with severe capillary congestion and variegated findings in lungs and other organs suggesting vascular dysfunction. Histopathology 2020; 77 (02) 198-209
75 Malas MB, Naazie IN, Elsayed N, Mathlouthi A, Marmor R, Clary B. Thromboembolism risk of COVID-19 is high and associated with a higher risk of mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine 2020; 29: 100639
76 Edler C, Schröder AS, Aepfelbacher M. et al. Dying with SARS-CoV-2 infection-an autopsy study of the first consecutive 80 cases in Hamburg, Germany. Int J Legal Med 2020; 134 (04) 1275-1284
77 Calabrese F, Pezzuto F, Fortarezza F. et al. Pulmonary pathology and COVID-19: lessons from autopsy. The experience of European Pulmonary Pathologists. Virchows Arch 2020; 477 (03) 359-372
78 Spyropoulos AC, Cohen SL, Gianos E. et al; COVID‒19 Consortium Group. Validation of the IMPROVE-DD risk assessment model for venous thromboembolism among hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2021; 5 (02) 296-300
79 Gerotziafas GT, Catalano M, Colgan MP. et al; Scientific Reviewer Committee. Guidance for the management of patients with vascular disease or cardiovascular risk factors and COVID-19: position paper from VAS-European Independent Foundation in Angiology/Vascular Medicine. Thromb Haemost 2020; 120 (12) 1597-1628
80 Harrison SL, Fazio-Eynullayeva E, Lane DA, Underhill P, Lip GYH. Higher mortality of ischaemic stroke patients hospitalized with COVID-19 compared to historical controls. Cerebrovasc Dis 2021; 50 (03) 326-331
81 Vaughan CJ, Cronin H, Ryan PM, Caplice NM. Obesity and COVID-19: A Virchow's triad for the 21st century. Thromb Haemost 2020; 120 (11) 1590-1593
82 Gerotziafas GT, Sergentanis TN, Voiriot G. et al. Derivation and validation of a predictive score for disease worsening in patients with COVID-19. Thromb Haemost 2020; 120 (12) 1680-1690
83 Ribas A, Sengupta R, Locke T. et al; AACR COVID-19 and Cancer Task Force. Priority COVID-19 vaccination for patients with cancer while vaccine supply is limited. Cancer Discov 2021; 11 (02) 233-236
84 Harrison SL, Fazio-Eynullayeva E, Lane DA, Underhill P, Lip GYH. Atrial fibrillation and the risk of 30-day incident thromboembolic events, and mortality in adults ≥ 50 years with COVID-19. J Arrhythm 2020; 37 (01) 231-237
85 Zhu L, She ZG, Cheng X. et al. Association of blood glucose control and outcomes in patients with COVID-19 and pre-existing type 2 diabetes. Cell Metab 2020; 31 (06) 1068.e3-1077.e3
86 GOV.UK.. COVID-19: review of disparities in risks and outcomes. Accessed June 27, 2021 at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/covid-19-review-of-disparities-in-risks-and-outcomes
87 Quiroz JC, Feng YZ, Cheng ZY. et al. Development and validation of a machine learning approach for automated severity assessment of COVID-19 based on clinical and imaging data: retrospective study. JMIR Med Inform 2021; 9 (02) e24572
88 Horgan D, Hackett J, Westphalen CB. et al. Digitalisation and COVID-19: the perfect storm. Biomed Hub 2020; 5 (03) 1341-1363
89 European Commission.. Accessed June 27, 2021 at: https://ec.europa.eu/health/sites/default/files/expert_panel/docs/015_access_healthservices_en.pdf
90 WHO.. Telemedicine. Accessed June 27, 2021 at: https://www.who.int/goe/publications/goe_telemedicine_2010.pdf
91 Thachil J, Tang N, Gando S. et al. Laboratory haemostasis monitoring in COVID-19. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18 (08) 2058-2060
92 Wang L, Yang L, Bai L, Huang Z, Peng Y. Association between D-dimer level and chest CT severity score in patients with SARS-COV-2 pneumonia. Sci Rep 2021; 11 (01) 11636
93 Zamberg I, Manzano S, Posfay-Barbe K, Windisch O, Agoritsas T, Schiffer E. A mobile health platform to disseminate validated institutional measurements during the COVID-19 outbreak: utilization-focused evaluation study. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2020; 6 (02) e18668
94 Timmers T, Janssen L, Stohr J, Murk JL, Berrevoets MAH. Using eHealth to support COVID-19 education, self-assessment, and symptom monitoring in the Netherlands: observational study. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2020; 8 (06) e19822
95 European Commission.. Accessed June 27, 2021 at: https://ec.europa.eu/health/sites/default/files/ehealth/docs/2018_provision_marketstudy_telemedicine_en.pdf
96 Bourdrel T, Annesi-Maesano I, Alahmad B, Maesano CN, Bind MA. The impact of outdoor air pollution on COVID-19: a review of evidence from in vitro, animal, and human studies. Eur Respir Rev 2021; 30 (159) 200242
97 Ahmed F, Ahmed N, Pissarides C, Stiglitz J. Why inequality could spread COVID-19. Lancet Public Health 2020; 5 (05) e240
98 Bilal, Bashir MF, Benghoul M. et al. Environmental pollution and COVID-19 outbreak: insights from Germany. Air Qual Atmos Health 2020; DOI: 10.1007/s11869-020-00893-9.
99 Brosemer K, Schelly C, Gagnon V. et al. The energy crises revealed by COVID: intersections of indigeneity, inequity, and health. Energy Res Soc Sci 2020; 68: 101661
100 Cordes J, Castro MC. Spatial analysis of COVID-19 clusters and contextual factors in New York City. Spat Spatio-Temporal Epidemiol 2020; 34: 100355
101 Rose-Redwood R, Kitchin R, Apostolopoulou E. et al. Geographies of the COVID-19 pandemic. Dialogues Hum Geogr 2020; 10 (02) 97-106
102 WHO.. Déclaration du Mécanisme COVAX sur les nouveaux variants du SARS-CoV-2. Accessed June 27, 2021 at: https://www.who.int/fr/news/item/08-02-2021-covax-statement-on-new-variants-of-sars-cov-2
103 WHO.. Global solidarity in the fight against COVID-19 takes centre stage during Regional Director's visit to Russian Federation. Accessed June 27, 2021 at: https://www.euro.who.int/en/about-us/regional-director/news/news/2020/09/global-solidarity-in-the-fight-against-covid-19-takes-centre-stage-during-regional-directors-visit-to-russian-federation
104 Human Rights Watch.. Urgently waive intellectual property rules for vaccine. Accessed June 27, 2021 at: https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/12/10/urgently-waive-intellectual-property-rules-vaccine
105 World Trade Organization.. Waiver from certain provisions of the trips agreement for the prevention, containment and treatment of COVID-19. Accessed June 27, 2021 at: https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/SS/directdoc.aspx?filename=q:/IP/C/W669.pdf&Open=True
106 European Commission.. Improving pandemic preparedness and management. Accessed June 27, 2021 at: https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/default/files/jointopinion_improvingpandemicpreparednessandmanagement_nov2020_0.pdf
107 Wang G, Luo FM, Liu D. et al; Sichuan & Wuhan Collaboration Research Group, and Sichuan Treatment Expert Group for COVID-19, China. Differences in the clinical characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 patients in the epicenter and peripheral areas of the pandemic from China: a retrospective, large-sample, comparative analysis. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21 (01) 206
108 Bordallo B, Bellas M, Cortez AF, Vieira M, Pinheiro M. Severe COVID-19: what have we learned with the immunopathogenesis?. Adv Rheumatol 2020; 60 (01) 50
109 Gencer S, Lacy M, Atzler D, van der Vorst EPC, Döring Y, Weber C. Immunoinflammatory, thrombohaemostatic, and cardiovascular mechanisms in COVID-19. Thromb Haemost 2020; 120 (12) 1629-1641
110 Levy E, Delvin E, Marcil V, Spahis S. Can phytotherapy with polyphenols serve as a powerful approach for the prevention and therapy tool of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)?. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 319 (04) E689-E708
111 Lordan R. Notable developments for vitamin D amid the COVID-19 pandemic, but caution warranted overall: a narrative review. Nutrients 2021; 13 (03) 740
112 Drago F, Gozzo L, Li L, Stella A, Cosmi B. Use of enoxaparin to counteract COVID-19 infection and reduce thromboembolic venous complications: a review of the current evidence. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11: 579886
113 Billett HH, Reyes-Gil M, Szymanski J. et al. Anticoagulation in COVID-19: effect of enoxaparin, heparin, and apixaban on mortality. Thromb Haemost 2020; 120 (12) 1691-1699
114 D'Amato G, Acanfora L, Delli Paoli L, D'Amato M. Preventive home therapy for symptomatic patients affected by COVID-19 and followed by teleconsultations. Multidiscip Respir Med 2021; 16 (01) 748
115 Capell WH, Barnathan ES, Piazza G. et al. Rationale and design for the study of rivaroxaban to reduce thrombotic events, hospitalization and death in outpatients with COVID-19: The PREVENT-HD study. Am Heart J 2021; 235: 12-23
116 Gonzalez-Ochoa AJ, Raffetto JD, Hernández AG. et al. Sulodexide in the treatment of patients with early stages of COVID-19: a randomized controlled trial. Thromb Haemost 2021; 121 (07) 944-954
117 Schulman S, Harenberg J. Anticoagulant treatment of COVID-19 as early as possible – sulodexide and perspectives. Thromb Haemost 2021; 121 (07) 849-853
118 Patell R, Chiasakul T, Bauer E, Zwicker JI. Pharmacologic thromboprophylaxis and thrombosis in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a pooled analysis. Thromb Haemost 2021; 121 (01) 76-85
119 Bikdeli B, Madhavan MV, Gupta A. et al; Global COVID-19 Thrombosis Collaborative Group. Pharmacological agents targeting thromboinflammation in COVID-19: review and implications for future research. Thromb Haemost 2020; 120 (07) 1004-1024
120 Dalekos GN, Stefos A, Georgiadou S. et al. Lessons from pathophysiology: use of individualized combination treatments with immune interventional agents to tackle severe respiratory failure in patients with COVID-19. Eur J Intern Med 2021; 88: 52-62
121 Naidu SB, Shah AJ, Saigal A. et al. The high mental health burden of “Long COVID” and its association with on-going physical and respiratory symptoms in all adults discharged from hospital. Eur Respir J 2021; 2004364: 2004364
122 Huang C, Huang L, Wang Y. et al. 6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study. Lancet 2021; 397 (10270): 220-232
123 Al-Aly Z, Xie Y, Bowe B. High-dimensional characterization of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19. Nature 2021; 594 (7862): 259-264
124 Vink M, Vink-Niese A. Could cognitive behavioural therapy be an effective treatment for long COVID and post COVID-19 fatigue syndrome? Lessons from the Qure study for Q-fever fatigue syndrome. Healthcare (Basel) 2020; 8 (04) 552
125 National Institutes of Health.. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) treatment guidelines. Accessed May 17, 2020 at: https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/
126 Patell R, Midha S, Kimani S. et al. Variability in institutional guidance for COVID-19-associated coagulopathy in the United States. Thromb Haemost 2020; 120 (12) 1725-1732
127 Cohoon KP, Mahé G, Tafur AJ, Spyropoulos AC. Emergence of institutional antithrombotic protocols for coronavirus 2019. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2020; 4 (04) 510-517