Neuromyelitis-optica-Spektrum-Erkrankungen – alte und neue Entwicklungen

Die Entwicklung der letzten 15 Jahre hat die Diagnostik und Therapie der Neuromyelitis-optica-Spektrum-Erkrankungen (NMOSD) maßgeblich geprägt – von der Entdeckung der Aquaporin-4-Antikörper über die Differenzierung der diagnostischen Kriterien bis zur kürzlichen Zulassung von Eculizumab als erste verlaufsmodifizierende Therapie. Dieser Artikel soll einen Überblick über die bisherigen Erkenntnisse und zukünftigen Therapiemöglichkeiten vermitteln.

• Literatur

• 1 Jarius S, Wildemann B. The history of neuromyelitis optica. J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10: 8
• 2 Wingerchuk DM, Hogancamp WF, O'Brien PC. et al. The clinical course of neuromyelitis optica (Devicʼs syndrome). Neurology 1999; 53: 1107-1114
• 3 Lennon VA, Wingerchuk DM, Kryzer TJ. et al. A serum autoantibody marker of neuromyelitis optica. Distinction from multiple sclerosis. Lancet 2004; 364: 2106-2112
• 4 Lennon VA, Kryzer TJ, Pittock SJ. et al. IgG marker of opticspinal multiple sclerosis binds to the aquaporin-4 water channel. J Exp Med 2005; 202: 473-477
• 5 Wingerchuk DM, Lennon VA, Pittock SJ. et al. Revised diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica. Neurology 2006; 66: 1485-1489
• 6 Popescu BFG, Lennon VA, Parisi JE. et al. Neuromyelitis optica unique area postrema lesions. Nausea, vomiting, and pathogenic implications. Neurology 2011; 76: 1229-1237
• 7 Kitley J, Woodhall M, Waters P. et al. Myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies in adults with a neuromyelitis optica phenotype. Neurology 2012; 79: 1273-1277
• 8 Wingerchuk DM, Banwell B, Bennett JL. et al. International consensus diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Neurology 2015; 85: 177-189
• 9 Mori M, Kuwabara S, Paul F. Worldwide prevalence of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 2018; 89: 555-556
• 10 Tanaka M, Tanaka K, Komori M. et al. Anti-aquaporin 4 antibody in Japanese multiple sclerosis. The presence of optic spinal multiple sclerosis without long spinal cord lesions and anti-aquaporin 4 antibody. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 2007; 78: 990-992
• 11 Kira J-I. Multiple sclerosis in the Japanese population. Lancet Neurol 2003; 2: 117-127
• 12 Flanagan EP, Cabre P, Weinshenker BG. et al. Epidemiology of aquaporin-4 autoimmunity and neuromyelitis optica spectrum. Ann Neurol 2016; 79: 775-783
• 13 Kim S-H, Mealy MA, Levy M. et al. Racial differences in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Neurology 2018; 91: e2089-e2099
• 14 Sato DK, Callegaro D, Lana-Peixoto MA. et al. Distinction between MOG antibody-positive and AQP4 antibody-positive NMO spectrum disorders. Neurology 2014; 82: 474-481
• 15 Wingerchuk DM, Weinshenker BG. The emerging relationship between neuromyelitis optica and systemic rheumatologic autoimmune disease. Mult Scler 2012; 18: 5-10
• 16 Zoccarato M, Saddi MV, Serra G. et al. Aquaporin-4 antibody neuromyelitis optica following anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. J Neurol 2013; 260: 3185-3187
• 17 Spillane J, Christofi G, Sidle KC. et al. Myasthenia gravis and neuromyelitis opica. A causal link. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2013; 2: 233-237
• 18 Pittock SJ, Lucchinetti CF. Neuromyelitis optica and the evolving spectrum of autoimmune aquaporin-4 channelopathies. A decade later. Ann NY Acad Sci USA 2016; 1366: 20-39
• 19 Lucchinetti CF, Mandler RN, McGavern D. et al. A role for humoral mechanisms in the pathogenesis of Devicʼs neuromyelitis optica. Brain 2002; 125: 1450-1461
• 20 Uzawa A, Mori M, Kuwabara S. Role of interleukin-6 in the pathogenesis of neuromyelitis optica. Clin Exp Neuroimmunol 2013; 4: 167-172
• 21 Martinez-Hernandez E, Sepulveda M, Rostásy K. et al. Antibodies to aquaporin 4, myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, and the glycine receptor α1 subunit in patients with isolated optic neuritis. JAMA Neurol 2015; 72: 187-193
• 22 Papais-Alvarenga RM, Carellos SC, Alvarenga MP. et al. Clinical course of optic neuritis in patients with relapsing neuromyelitis optica. Arch Ophthalmol 2008; 126: 12-16
• 23 Pekcevik Y, Mitchell CH, Mealy MA. et al. Differentiating neuromyelitis optica from other causes of longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis on spinal magnetic resonance imaging. Mult Scler 2016; 22: 302-311
• 24 Apiwattanakul M, Popescu BF, Matiello M. et al. Intractable vomiting as the initial presentation of neuromyelitis optica. Ann Neurol 2010; 68: 757-761
• 25 Cheng C, Jiang Y, Lu X. et al. The role of anti-aquaporin 4 antibody in the conversion of acute brainstem syndrome to neuromyelitis optica. BMC Neurol 2016; 16: 203
• 26 Kanbayashi T, Shimohata T, Nakashima I. et al. Symptomatic narcolepsy in patients with neuromyelitis optica and multiple sclerosis. New neurochemical and immunological implications. Arch Neurol 2009; 66: 1563-1566
• 27 Suzuki K, Nakamura T, Hashimoto K. et al. Hypothermia, hypotension, hypersomnia, and obesity associated with hypothalamic lesions in a patient positive for the anti-aquaporin 4 antibody. A case report and literature review. Arch Neurol 2012; 69: 1355-1359
• 28 Newey CR, Bermel RA. Fulminant cerebral demyelination in neuromyelitis optica. Neurology 2011; 77: 193
• 29 Ogawa R, Nakashima I, Takahashi T. et al. MOG antibodypositive, benign, unilateral, cerebral cortical encephalitis with epilepsy. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2017; 4: e322
• 30 Guo Y, Lennon VA, Popescu BFG. et al. Autoimmune aquaporin-4 myopathy in neuromyelitis optica spectrum. JAMA Neurol 2014; 71: 1025-1029
• 31 Qian P, Lancia S, Alvarez E. et al. Association of neuromyelitis optica with severe and intractable pain. Arch Neurol 2012; 69: 1482-1487
• 32 Chavarro VS, Mealy MA, Simpson A. et al. Insufficient treatment of severe depression in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2016; 3: e286
• 33 Hyun J-W, Kim S-H, Jeong IH. et al. Bright spotty lesions on the spinal cord. An additional MRI indicator of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder?. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2015; 86: 1280-1282
• 34 Flanagan EP, Weinshenker BG, Krecke KN. et al. Short myelitis lesions in aquaporin-4-IgG-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. JAMA Neurol 2015; 72: 81-87
• 35 Waters P, Reindl M, Saiz A. et al. Multicentre comparison of a diagnostic assay. Aquaporin-4 antibodies in neuromyelitis optica. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 2016; 87: 1005-1015
• 36 Jarius S, Paul F, Franciotta D. et al. Cerebrospinal fluid findings in aquaporin-4 antibody positive neuromyelitis optica. Results from 211 lumbar punctures. J Neurol Sci 2011; 306: 82-90
• 37 Wingerchuk DM, Lennon VA, Lucchinetti CF. et al. The spectrum of neuromyelitis optica. Lancet Neurol 2007; 6: 805-815
• 38 Jarius S, Eichhorn P, Franciotta D. et al. The MRZ reaction as a highly specific marker of multiple sclerosis. Re-evaluation and structured review of the literature. J Neurol 2017; 264: 453-466
• 39 Sato DK, Callegaro D, de Haidar Jorge FM. et al. Cerebrospinal fluid aquaporin-4 antibody levels in neuromyelitis optica attacks. Ann Neurol 2014; 76: 305-309
• 40 Kira J-i. Unexpected exacerbations following initiation of disease-modifying drugs in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Which factor is responsible, anti-aquaporin 4 antibodies, B cells, Th1 cells, Th2 cells, Th17 cells, or others?. Mult Scler 2017; 23: 1300-1302
• 41 Kitley JL, Leite MI, George JS. et al. The differential diagnosis of longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis. Mult Scler 2012; 18: 271-285
• 42 Kleiter I, Gahlen A, Borisow N. et al. Apheresis therapies for NMOSD attacks. A retrospective study of 207 therapeutic interventions. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2018; 5: e504
• 43 Trebst C, Jarius S, Berthele A. et al. Update on the diagnosis and treatment of neuromyelitis optica. Recommendations of the Neuromyelitis Optica Study Group (NEMOS). J Neurol 2014; 261: 1-16
• 44 Bonnan M, Valentino R, Debeugny S. et al. Short delay to initiate plasma exchange is the strongest predictor of outcome in severe attacks of NMO spectrum disorders. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 2018; 89: 346-351
• 45 Elsone L, Kitley J, Luppe S. et al. Long-term efficacy, tolerability and retention rate of azathioprine in 103 aquaporin-4 antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder patients. A multicentre retrospective observational study from the UK. Mult Scler 2014; 20: 1533-1540
• 46 Nikoo Z, Badihian S, Shaygannejad V. et al. Comparison of the efficacy of azathioprine and rituximab in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. A randomized clinical trial. J Neurol 2017; 264: 2003-2009
• 47 Evangelopoulos ME, Andreadou E, Koutsis G. et al. Treatment of neuromyelitis optica and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders with rituximab using a maintenance treatment regimen and close CD19 B cell monitoring. A sixyear follow-up. J Neurol Sci 2017; 372: 92-96
• 48 Ringelstein M, Ayzenberg I, Harmel J. et al. Long-term therapy with interleukin 6 receptor blockade in highly active neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. JAMA Neurol 2015; 72: 756-763
• 49 Pittock SJ, Berthele A, Fujihara K. et al. Eculizumab in aquaporin-4-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. N Engl J Med 2019; 381: 614-625
• 50 Cree BAC, Bennett JL, Kim HJ. et al. Inebilizumab for the treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOmentum). A double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled phase 2/3 trial. Lancet 2019;
• 51 Yamamura T, Kleiter I, Fujihara K. et al. Trial of satralizumab in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. N Engl J Med 2019; 381: 2114-2124