Robotisch assistierte Nierenlebendspende – technische Aspekte und erste Evidenz

Zusammenfassung

Die minimalinvasive Nephrektomie zur Lebendspende hat sich über die letzten 2 Jahrzehnte zum Standard in den meisten Transplantationszentren entwickelt und hat zu einer Reduktion der postoperativen Morbidität beim Spender beigetragen. Die robotisch assistierte Technik stellt eine Alternative zur herkömmlichen (handassistierten) laparoskopischen Technik dar und wird in der Zukunft vermehrt Anwendung finden. In dieser Übersichtsarbeit gehen wir anhand unserer eigenen Erfahrungen auf technische Aspekte der robotischen Nephrektomie ein und geben einen Überblick über die aktuell verfügbare Literatur. Die robotisch assistierte Nierenlebendspende ist ein sicherer Eingriff mit einer sehr geringen postoperativen Komplikationsrate. Ein Vorteil des Eingriffs gegenüber der offenen Operationstechnik liegt in einer Reduktion des postoperativen Analgetikabedarfs und einer vergleichsweise reduzierten Krankenhausverweildauer bei jedoch verlängerter Operations- und Warmischämiezeit ohne messbaren Effekt auf die Transplantatfunktion. Die Ergebnisse entsprechen im Wesentlichen denen der laparoskopischen Technik, wobei sich eine weitere Beschleunigung der postoperativen Rekonvaleszenz andeutet. Die Vorteile der robotisch assistierten Technik liegen aufgrund der besseren Expositionsmöglichkeiten vornehmlich bei Patienten mit hohem BMI und multiplen Nierenarterien sowie bei rechtsseitigen Nephrektomien, bei denen eine längere Transplantatarterie gewonnen werden kann. Die robotisch assistierte Nierenlebendspende ist aus der Zukunft der Transplantationschirurgie nicht mehr wegzudenken und stellt eine ernst zu nehmende Alternative zur herkömmlichen laparoskopischen Technik dar.

Abstract

Minimally invasive donor nephrectomy has become the standard procedure in most transplant centres over the past two decades and has contributed to a reduction in postoperative morbidity for the donor. Robot-assisted technology is an alternative to conventional (hand-assisted) laparoscopic technology and will find increasing use in the future. In this review article, we address technical aspects of robotic-assisted donor nephrectomy, in accordance with our own experience and will provide an overview of the currently available literature. Robot-assisted living kidney donation is a safe procedure with a very low postoperative complication rate. The procedure offers advantages over the open surgical technique with respect to the reduction in the postoperative need for analgesia and the duration of hospital stay, with longer operating times and warm ischemia times, but without a measurable effect on transplant function. The postoperative outcome parameters are comparable to those of the laparoscopic technique, indicating a further acceleration of postoperative convalescence. The advantages of robot-assisted technology, due to the better exposure options, are most relevant in patients with a high BMI and multiple renal arteries, as well as in right-sided nephrectomies in which a longer transplant artery can be obtained. Robot-assisted living kidney donation will play a major role in the future of transplant surgery and is a serious alternative to conventional laparoscopic technology.

Schlüsselwörter

Nierentransplantation - Nierenlebendspende - laparoskopische Chirurgie - minimalinvasive Chirurgie - robotisch assistierte Chirurgie

Key words

renal transplantation - living donor nephrectomy - laparoscopic surgery - minimally invasive surgery - robot-assisted surgery

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