PDF herunterladen
CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · Planta Medica International Open 2020; 07(04): e170-e178
DOI: 10.1055/a-1323-0786
Original Papers

Hypolipidemic Activity of Tetracarpidium conophorum (African walnut) Seed Oil and Its Mechanism of Action

Kelly Oriakhi
1   Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
,
Patrick Uadia
2   Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
› Institutsangaben Funding The research was funded by the Tertiary Trust Fund, the University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria to Oriakhi Kelly, Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin, and the ICCBS-TWAS Postgraduate Fellowship award (FR No. 3240280482). The authors also strongly thank the Natural Product Research and Disease Control Laboratory (NPRDC), Department of Biochemistry, University of Benin for providing the facilities needed to carry out this study.
› Weitere Informationen
   Lizenzen und Reprints

Abstract

The present study was designed to evaluate the hypolipidemic activity of Tetracarpidium conophorum oil and its mechanism(s) of action. The oil was extracted using the Soxhlet method and subjected to column chromatography/spectroscopic techniques. GC-MS analysis was performed on the oil to identify 15 constituents with 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid (ω-3 fatty acid or α-linolenic acid) (68%) showing the highest proportion. Isolation and purification of the oil gave three compounds, namely, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, and stearic acid (octadecanoic acid). Thirty-five rats were used and divided into seven groups for the in vivo hypolipidemic study. Findings from this study showed significant decreases (p<0.05) in total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in rats fed a normal diet and receiving T. conophorum oil (250 and 500 mg/kg body weight) for 20 days. But there were significant increases (p<0.05) in total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate amino transferase, malondialdehyde, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, and C-reactive protein levels with a decline in the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level in rats fed the high cholesterol diet when compared to those fed a normal diet. However, oral administration of T. conophorum oil and atorvastatin for 20 days resulted in a significant lowering (p<0.05) of triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate amino transferase, malondialdehyde, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, and C-reactive protein levels with a rise in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in rats nourished with the high cholesterol diet. The study showed that T. conophorum seed oil possesses hypolipidemic and cardioprotective properties.

Key words

hyperlipidemia - African walnut - Tetracarpidium conophorum - Euphorbiaceae Cholesterol - gas chromatography-mass spectrometric technique

Supplementary Material



Publikationsverlauf

Eingereicht: 12. Mai 2020
Eingereicht: 16. November 2020

Angenommen: 24. November 2020

Artikel online veröffentlicht:
19. Januar 2021

© 2021. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial-License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Rüdigerstraße 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany

 

  • References

  • 1 Thayyil AH, Surulivel MKM, Ahmed MF, Ahamed GSS, Sidheeq A, Rasheed A, Ibrahim M. Hypolipidemic activity of Luffa aegiptiaca fruits in cholesterol fed hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Int J Pharm Appl 2011; 2: 81-88
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Jacobson TA, Miller M, Schaefer EJ. Hypertriglyceridemia and cardiovascular risk reduction. Clin Ther 2007; 29: 763-777
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Shayganni E, Bahmani M, Asgary S, Rafieian-Kopael M. Inflammaging and cardiovascular disease: Management by medicinal plants. Phytomedicine 2016; 23: 1119-1120
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Stancu C, Sima S. Statins: mechanism of action and effects. J Cell Mol Med 2001; 5: 378-387
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Thompson PD, Panza G, Zaleski A, Taylor B. Statin-Associated Side Effects. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016; 67: 2395-2410
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Hutchinson J, Dalziel JM. Tropical African plants: III. Bulletin of miscellaneous information /Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. : 1928: 211-229
    Google Scholar
  • 7 Oyekale KO, Odutayo OI, Esan EB, Ogunwemimo KO, Denton OA, Bolaji DT. Comparative studies on phytochemical and proximate composition of four morphological distinct segment of the conophor seedlings (Tetracarpidum conopphorum Hutch and Dalziel). Brazilian J Biol Sci 2015; 3: 91–100
    PubMed
  • 8 Oke OL. Leaf Protein Research in Nigeria Ibadan. Oyo University of Ibadan Press; 1995
    Google Scholar
  • 9 Ezealisiji KM, Stanley CN, Ekanem ES. Evaluation of anti-cholesterol activity of ethyl acetate and n-hexane extracts of Tetracarpidium conophorum (Mull. Arg.) Hutch and Dalziel (African walnut) towards hypercholesterolemic rats. Int J Pharm and Phytochem Res 2016; 8: 1372-1376
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Ayoola PB, Adeyele A, Onawumi OOP. Phytochemical and nutrient evaluation of Tetracarpidium conophorum (Nigeria walnut) root. Int J Res Rev App Sci 2011; 7: 197-208
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Oriakhi K, Uadia PO, Eze IG. Hepatoprotective potential of methanol extract of T. conophorum seeds of carbon tetrachloride induced liver damage in Wistar rats. Clin Phytosci 2018; 4: 25
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Uadia PO, Oriakhi K, Osemwenkae PO, Emokpae A. Effect of methanolic extract of Tetracarpidium conophorum seed on haematological parameters in carbon tetrachloride administered albino rats. Nig J Biochem Mol Bio 2012; 27: 63-65
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Akomolafe SF, Oboh G, Akindahunsi AA, Afolayan AJ. Ethanol-induced male infertility: Effects of aqueous leaf extract of Tetracarpidium conophorum. Andrologia 2017; 12759: 1-14
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Ajaiyeoba EO, Fadare DA. Antimicrobial potential of extracts and fractions of the African walnut-Tetracarpidium conophorum. Afri J Biotechnol 2006; 5: 2322-2325
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Herbert JR, Hurley TG, Olendzki BC, Olendzki BC, Teas J, Ma Y, Hampl JS. Nutritional and socioeconomic factors in reaction to prostate cancer mortality: a cross-national study. J Natl Cancer Inst 1998; 90: 1637-1647
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Asgary S, Sahebkar A, Afshani MR, Keshvari M, Haghjooyjavanmard S, Rafieian-Kopaei M. Clinical evaluation of blood pressure lowering, endothelial function improving, hypolipidemic and anti-inflammatory effects of pomegranate juice in hypertensive subjects. Phytother Res 2014; 28: 193-199
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Zheng S, Hoos L, Cook J, Tetzioff G, Davis H, Van Heek M, Hwa J. Ezetimibe improves high fat and cholesterol diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 584: 118-124
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Fukuda T, Ito H, Yoshida T. Antioxidative polyphenols from walnuts (Juglans regia L.). Phytochem 2003; 63: 795-801
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Xia D, Wu X, Yang Q, Gong J, Zhang Y. Anti-obesity and hypolipidemic effects of a functional formula containing Prumus mune in mice fed high fat diet. Afri J Bio 2010; 9: 2463-2467
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Sibbett SG. Edible tree nuts, walnuts. Encyclopedia of Agricultural Science 1994; 2: 9-16
    PubMed
  • 21 Carmena R, Duriez P, Fruchart JC. Atherogenic lipoprotein particles in atherosclerosis. Circulation 2004; 109: 1112-1117
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Bhatnagar D, Soran H, Durrington PN. Hypercholesterolaemia and its management. BMJ 2008; 337: 993
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Chaudhari HS, Bhandari U, Khanna G. Preventive effect of embelin from Embelia ribes on lipid metabolism and oxidative stress in high-fat diet-induced obesity in rats. Planta Med 2012; 78: 651-657
    Artikel in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Natarajan S, Glick H, Criqui M, Horowitz D, Lipsitz SR, Kinosian B. Cholesterol measures to identify and treat individuals at risk for coronary heart disease. Am J Preventive Med 2003; 25: 50-57
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Kannel WB. Risk stratification of dyslipidemia: insights from the Framingham Study. Curr Med Chem Cardiovasc Hematol Agents 2005; 23: 187-193
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Fernandez ML, Webb D. The LDL to HDL cholesterol ratio as a valuable tool to evaluate coronary heart disease risk. J Am Coll Nutr 2008; 27: 1-5
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Burge JS, Espenshade PJ. Regulation of HMG-CoA reductase in mammals and yeast. Prog Lipid Res 2011; 50: 2003
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Wilson J, Gelb A. Free radicals, antioxidants and neurologic injury: possible relationship to cerebral protection by anesthetics. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2002; 14: 66-79
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Boroumand N, Samarghandian S, Hashemy SI. Immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects of curcumin. J Herb Med Pharmacol 2018; 7: 211-219
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Uadia PO, Oriakhi K, Osemwenkae PO, Emokpae MA. Phytochemical screening and antioxidant capacity of methanolic extract of Tetracarpidium conophorum seeds. Nig J Biochem Mol Bio 2012; 27: 16-26
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Adams RP. Identification of essential oil components by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. 4th ed. Carol Stream, IL, USA: Allured Publishing Corporation; 2007
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 32 NIH Guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals. NIH publication No. 85-23, Revised 1985. https://grants.nih.gov/grants/ olaw/guide-for-the-care-and-use-of-laboratory-animals_prepub.pdf
    PubMed
  • 33 Reeves PG, Nielsen FH, Fahey GC. AIN-93 purified diets for laboratory rodents: final report of the American Institute of Nutrition ad hoc writing committee on the reformulation of the AIN-76A rodent diet. J Nutr 1993; 123: 1939-1951
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Allain CC. Enzymatic determination of total serum cholesterol. Clin Chem 1974; 20: 470-475
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Lopes-Virella MF, Stone P, Ellis S, Colwell JA. Cholesterol determination in high-density lipoproteins separated by three different methods. Clin Chem 1977; 23: 882-884
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Fruchart JC. Separation of low-density lipoprotein and determination of cholesterol and phospholipids bound to the fraction. French J Lab 1982; 103: 7-17
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Bucolo G, David H. Quantitative determination of serum triglycerides by the use of enzymes. Clin Chem 1973; 19: 476-478
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Rao VA, Ramakrishnan S. Indirect assessment of hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductase (NADPH) activity in liver tissue. Clin Chem 1975; 21: 1523-1525
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Varshney R, Kale RK. Effect of calmodulin antagonists on radiation-induced lipid peroxidation in microsomes. Int J Rad Bio 1990; 58: 733-743
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Habib MR, Nikkon F, Rahman M, Haqui ME, Karim MR. Isolation of stigmasterol and β-sitosterol from methanolic extract of root bark of Calotropis gigantean (Linn). Pak J Biol Sci 2007; 10: 4174-4176
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Jamal AK, Yaacob WA, Din LB. A chemical study on Phyllanthus columnaris. Eur J Sci Res 2009; 28: 76-81
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Moghaddam FM, Farimani MM, Salahvarzi S. Gholamreza Chemical Constituents of Dichloromethane Extract of Cultivated Satureja khuzistanica. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2007; 4: 95-98
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Zhao JL, Liu P, Duan JA, Guo S, Wang X, Sun GT, Yao X, Qian YF. Chemical constituents from root barks of Ginkgo biloba (I). China Tradit Herb Drugs 2013; 44: 1245-1247
    PubMedGoogle Scholar