Enduro World Series (EWS) Mountain Biking Injuries: A 2-year Prospective Study of 2010 Riders

Debbie Palmer; Geraint Florida-James; Chris Ball

doi:10.1055/a-1320-1116

International Journal of Sports Medicine, Inhaltsverzeichnis

CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · Int J Sports Med 2021; 42(11): 1012-1018
DOI: 10.1055/a-1320-1116

Orthopedics & Biomechanics

Enduro World Series (EWS) Mountain Biking Injuries: A 2-year Prospective Study of 2010 Riders

Debbie Palmer

¹School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

²School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

³Institute for Sport, PE and Health Sciences, Moray House School of Education and Sport, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

,

Geraint Florida-James

¹School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

⁴Mountain Bike Centre of Scotland, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

,

Chris Ball

⁵Enduro World Series, Innerleithen, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

› Institutsangaben

Abstract

The sport of Enduro is the newest International Cycling Union sanctioned discipline in mountain biking. There are a number of studies reporting mountain biking injury to date however there are none detailing injuries in Enduro. The aim of the present study was to determine the rate, severity and nature of rider injury during the Enduro World Series. Rider injury, and race and practice exposure data were recorded prospectively during 10 events across the 2017 and 2018 seasons. Incorporating 2010 riders (males 90%; females 10%) from 46 countries. 8.9% of riders were injured with mean 12.3 days time-loss per injury. Racing injury incidence was 38.3/1000 hours and practice injury incidence 3.6/1000 hours (p=0.01). The shoulder/clavicle (12.8% of all injuries), hand (9.0%) and head (9.0%) were the most injured locations. Concussion injury was the most frequent diagnosis (7.4%), and shoulder/clavicle fractures caused the greatest burden (442 total days lost). Of those with concussion 28.6% continued racing, and 42.9% reported no time-loss (i. e. time off) post-race. In conclusion, the rate of injury during EWS race events was comparable to Downhill racing. Targeted injury prevention strategies around rider concussion education and rider qualification criteria may help to reduce the risk of injury in Enduro.

Key words

injury risk - racing - practice - shoulder injuries - concussion

Volltext

Referenzen

References
1 Becker J, Moroder P. Extreme Mountain Biking Injuries. In: Feletti F. Extreme Sports Medicine. Champagne: Springer; 2017: 139-150
2 Kirkwood LA, Ingram LA, Cunningham J. et al. Physiological characteristics and performance in elite enduro mountain biking. J Sci Cycling 2017; 6: 13-21
3 Alonso JM, Tscholl PM, Engebretsen L. et al. Occurrence of injuries and illnesses during the 2009 IAAF World Athletics Championships. Br J Sports Med 2010; 44: 1100-1105
4 Mountjoy M, Junge A, Alonso JM. et al. Sports injuries and illnesses in the 2009 FINA World Championships (Aquatics). Br J Sports Med 2010; 44: 522-527
5 Dvorak J, Junge A, Derman W. et al. Injuries and illnesses of football players during the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Br J Sports Med 2011; 45: 626-630
6 Fuller C, Sheerin K, Targett S. Rugby World Cup 2011: International Rugby Board Injury Surveillance Study. Br J Sports Med 2013; 47: 1184-1191
7 Engebretsen L, Soligard T, Steffen K. et al. Sports injuries and illnesses during the London Summer Olympic Games 2012. Br J of Sports Med 2013; 47: 407-414
8 Kronisch RL, Chow TK, Simon LM. et al. Acute injuries in off-road bicycle racing. Am J Sports Med 1996; 24: 88-93
9 Jeys LM, Cribb G, Toms AD. et al. Mountain biking injuries in rural England. Br J Sports Med 2001; 35: 197-199
10 Arnold MP. Mountain biking. Cool way to enjoy nature with side effects. Orthopade 2005; 34: 405-410
11 Gaulrapp H, Weber A, Rosemeyer B. Injuries in mountain biking. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2001; 9: 48-53
12 Ashwell Z, McKay MP, Brubacher JR. et al. The epidemiology of mountain bike park injuries at the Whistler Bike Park, British Columbia (BC), Canada. Wild. Environ Med 2012; 23: 140-145
13 Stoop R, Hohenauer E, Vetsch T. et al. Acute injuries in male elite and amateur mountain bikers: Results of a survey. J Sport Sci Med 2019; 18: 207-212
14 Kronisch RL, Pfeiffer RP, Chow TK. Acute injuries in cross-country and downhill off-road bicycle racing. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1996; 28: 1351-1355
15 Soligard T, Steffen K, Palmer D. et al. Sports injury and illness incidence in the Rio de Janeiro 2016 Olympic Summer Games: A prospective study of 11274 athletes from 207 countries. Br J of Sports Med 2017; 51: 1265-1271
16 Himmelreich H, Pralle H, Vogt L. et al. Mountain bike injuries in world-cup and recreational athletes. Sportverletz Sportschaden 2007; 21: 180-184
17 Becker J, Runer A, Neunhauserer D. et al. A prospective study of downhill mountain biking injuries. Br J Sports Med 2013; 47: 458-462
18 Willick SW, Cushman DM, Klatt J. et al. The NICA injury surveillance system: Design, methodology and preliminary data of a prospective, longitudinal study of injuries in youth cross country mountain bike racing. J Sci Med Sport 2020;
19 Apsingi S, Dussa CU, Soni BM. Acute cervical spine injuries in mountain biking: a report of 3 cases. Am J Sports Med 2006; 34: 487-489
20 Harriss DJ, Macsween A, Atkinson G. Ethical standards in sport and exercise science research: 2020 update. Int J Sports Med 2019; 40: 813-817
21 Junge A, Engebretsen L, Alonso JM. et al. Injury surveillance in multi-sport events: The International Olympic committee approach. Br J Sports Med 2008; 42: 413-421
22 Kirkwood BR, Sterne JAC. Essential Medical Statistics. 2nd ed. London: Blackwell Science Ltd; 2003
23 Brooks JHM, Fuller CW. The Influence of methodological issues on the results and conclusions from epidemiological studies of sports injuries. Sports Med 2006; 36: 459-472
24 Coughlin S. Recall bias in epidemiologic studies. J Clin Epidemiol 1990; 43: 87-91
25 Bahr R, Clarsen B, Derman W. et al. International Olympic Committee consensus statement: methods for recording and reporting of epidemiological data on injury and illness in sport 2020 (including STROBE extension for sport injury and illness surveillance (STROBE-SIIS)). Br J Sports Med 2020; 54: 372-389
26 Junge A, Dvorak J. Football injuries during the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Br J Sports Med 2015; 49: 599-602
27 Matthew Cosgrave M, Williams S. The epidemiology of concussion in professional rugby union in Ireland. Phys Ther Sport 2019; 35: 99-105
28 Kemp S, Brooks J, West S et al. England professional rugby injury surveillance project. 2015-2016 season report (2017). On the internet: https://therpa.co.uk/news/2017/01/professional-rugby-injury-surveillance-project-report-published-for-201516/ (date accessed Nov. 1, 2020)
29 Pinkbike. Brain Injuries in Mountain Biking – Are We Doing Enough? (3rd Aug 2016). On the internet: https://www.pinkbike.com/news/brain-injuries-in-mountain-biking-are-we-doing-enough-2016.html. (date accessed Aug. 8, 2020)
30 McCrory P, Meeuwisse W, Dvorak J. et al. Consensus statement on concussion in sport—the 5th international conference on concussion in sport held in Berlin, October 2016. Br J Sports Med 2017; 51: 838-847
31 Emery CA. Risk factors for injury in child and adolescent sport: A systematic review of the literature. Clin J Sport Med 2003; 13: 256-268
32 Guskiewicz KM, McCrea M, Marshall SW. et al. Cumulative effects associated with recurrent concussion in collegiate football players: The NCAA Concussion Study. JAMA 2003; 290: 2549-2555
33 Palmer-Green D, Hunter G, Jaques R. et al. The Injury/Illness Performance Project (IIPP): A novel epidemiological approach for recording the consequences of sports injuries and illnesses. J Sports Med 2013; 9
34 Clarsen B, Myklebust G, Bahr R. Development and validation of a new method for the registration of overuse injuries in sports injury epidemiology: the Oslo sports trauma research centre (OSTRC) overuse injury questionnaire. Br J Sports Med 2013; 47: 495-502
35 Clarsen B, Krosshaug T, Bahr R. Overuse Injuries in professional road cyclists. Am J Sports Med 2010; 38: 2494-2501
36 Palmer-Green D, Burt P, Jaques R. et al. Epidemiological Study of Injury in British Cycling:2011-2013. Br J Sports Med 2014; 48: 650
37 Greenland S, Mansournia MA, Altman DG. Sparse data bias: A problem hiding in plain sight. BMJ 2016; 352: i1981
38 Palmer D. Enduro World Series. Concussion pocket guide for riders (12th June 2019). On the internet: https://admin.enduroworldseries.com/uploads/documents/RIDER%20EWS%20Concussion%20Guide%20A6%20FINAL%20WEB.pdf (date accessed Aug. 9, 2020)
39 Palmer D. Enduro World Series. Concussion pocket guide for organisers and medics (June 12, 2019). On the internet: https://admin.enduroworldseries.com/uploads/documents/EWS%20Concussion%20Pocket%20Guide%20A6%20FINAL%20WEB.pdf (date accessed Aug. 9, 2020)
41 Palmer D. Enduro World Series. Enduro Mountain Bike Medical Study (12th Jun 2019). On the internet: https://admin.enduroworldseries.com/uploads/documents/EWS%20Medical%20Study%20v6.pdf (date accessed Aug. 9, 2020)
42 Enduro World Series. How qualifying works (2020). On the internet: https://www.enduroworldseries.com/ews-entry-overview/how-qualifying-works/ (date accessed Aug. 9, 2020)