Prophylaxe der kaninen Parvovirose

Zusammenfassung

Die kanine Parovirose ist eine hochansteckende und nach wie vor häufige Infektionskrankheit. Alle Hunde sollten daher zu jeder Zeit geschützt sein. Die humorale Immunität nimmt dabei eine zentrale Bedeutung ein. So lässt der Nachweis von Antikörpern bei erwachsenen Hunden auf einen vorliegenden Schutz schließen und die überwiegende Mehrheit erwachsener Hunde hat spezifische Antikörper gegen CPV aufgrund einer vorangegangenen Impfung oder Infektion. Mittlerweile empfehlen Expertengremien weltweit Antikörpermessungen als Alternative zu routinemäßigen Wiederholungsimpfungen im Abstand von 3 Jahren bei adulten Hunden. Aktiv gebildete Antikörper induzieren einen nahezu lebenslangen Schutz. Wiederholungsimpfungen führen bei Hunden, die bereits Antikörper aufweisen, nicht zu einem Anstieg des Antikörpertiters. Eine Wiederholungsimpfung ist daher nur beim Fehlen von Antikörpern sinnvoll. So lassen sich unnötige Impfungen (und damit potenzielle unerwünschte Wirkungen) vermeiden. Mit dem Hämagglutinationshemmtest und dem Serumneutralisationstest kann die Höhe des Antikörpertiters im Labor bestimmt werden. Praxistaugliche Schnelltests liefern anstelle eines Antikörpertiters semiquantitative Ergebnisse. Da bei erwachsenen Hunden, die geimpft sind oder eine Infektion überstanden haben, der Nachweis von Antikörpern in jeglicher Höhe mit dem Schutz vor Parvovirose gleichzusetzen ist, eignen sich diese Tests besonders im Rahmen der Gesundheitsvorsorge zur Erkennung ungeschützter Hunde, um diese dann gezielt zu impfen. Zur Beurteilung der Qualität der Testsysteme ist eine hohe Spezifität und eine damit einhergehende niedrige Anzahl falsch-positiver Ergebnisse wichtig.

Abstract

Canine parvovirosis remains a common and highly infectious disease. Thus, adequate protection is essential for all dogs at any time. In this, humoral immunity plays an essential role. The presence of antibodies in adult dogs suggests immunity against the disease, and nearly all adult dogs possess antibodies (either due to previous vaccination or infection). Meanwhile, worldwide vaccination guidelines recommend measurement of pre-vaccination antibodies instead of regular triennial re-vaccinations in adult dogs. Studies have demonstrated a long lasting duration of immunity against canine parvovirus. Re-vaccination therefore possesses no beneficial effect when dogs already have pre-vaccination antibodies. Thus, when antibodies are present, unnecessary re-vaccinations that potentially cause vaccine-associated adverse events should be avoided. Hemagglutination inhibition and virus neutralization can be performed in specialized laboratories for quantitative antibody titer measurement. Semiquantitative point-of-care (POC) tests for detection of CPV antibodies are available. Since the presence of CPV antibodies in adult dogs that have been vaccinated or previously infected suggests adequate immunity against disease, these POC tests can be a useful tool in practice. They identify dogs that might potentially be unprotected and require re-vaccination during preventive health care appointments. Concerning the POC tests’ quality assessment, a high specificity (low number of false positive test results) is considered the most important feature.

Schlüsselwörter

CPV - kanines Parvovirus - Antikörper - Schutz - Impfung - Antikörpertiter - Point-of-Care-Tests - POC-Tests - Schnelltests

Key words

CPV - canine parvovirus - antibodies - protection - vaccination - antibody titer - point-of-care tests - POC tests - rapid tests

Publication History

Received: 17 June 2020

Accepted: 03 November 2020

Article published online:
15 February 2021

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