Bewegung in der Schwangerschaft

Zusammenfassung

Bewegung in der Schwangerschaft wirkt sich positiv auf die Gesundheit der Frau und des Kindes aus. Es kommt zu einer geringeren Gewichtszunahme der Schwangeren, und das Risiko der damit einhergehenden Erkrankungen wie Schwangerschaftsdiabetes und Präeklampsie kann verringert werden. Nicht nur die Frau, sondern auch das ungeborene Kind erhalten durch einen gesunden Lebensstil (Bewegung und Ernährung) gesundheitliche Vorteile. Im Rahmen der perinatalen Programmierung werden vor und während der Schwangerschaft gesundheitsfördernde Grundsteine für das spätere Leben des Kindes gelegt. Übergewicht und Adipositas sowie die Begleiterkrankung Diabetes Typ 2 können mit einem bewussten Lebensstil vor und während der Schwangerschaft positiv beeinflusst werden. Somit bieten Lebensstilinterventionen bei Schwangeren und bei Frauen mit Kinderwunsch eine Maßnahme zur Übergewichtsprävention bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. Grundsätzlich wird jeder Frau empfohlen, körperlich aktiv zu sein, solange keine absoluten Kontraindikatoren vorliegen. Es wird eine Kombination aus moderater und intensiver körperlicher Aktivität an mindestens drei Tagen in der Woche für 30 Minuten empfohlen. Zusätzlich sollten die großen Muskelgruppen an mindestens zwei Tagen in der Woche gekräftigt werden.

Summary

Physical activity during pregnancy has positive health effects for the mother and child. The expectant mother gains less weight, which reduces the risk of diseases like pregnancy diabetes and preeclampsia. Not only does the mother benefit from a healthy lifestyle (movement and diet) but also the unborn child. Therapeutic foundations are laid for the future life of the child before and during the pregnancy within the bounds of perinatal programming. Overweight and adiposity as well as accompanying illness, i. e. diabetes type II, can be prevented with a healthy lifestyle before and during pregnancy. Therefore lifestyle interventions for pregnant women and women with the wish for children offers overweight prevention measures for children and young people. In general, every woman should be physically active as long as there are no absolute contrary indicators. A combination of moderate and intense physical activity, at least three days a week for 30 minutes, is recommended. Furthermore, the bigger muscles should be toned at least twice a week.

Stichworte

Perinatale Programmierung - Adipositasprävention - körperliche Aktivität, Schwangerschaft

Key words

Perinatal programming - obesity prevention - physical activity - pregnancy

Publication History

Article published online:
12 December 2019

• Literatur

• 1 Trendelenburg V, Korsten-Reck U, Dudenhausen JW. Präkonzeptionelle Prävention. Ernährung & Medizin. 2019; 34 (01) : 8-14. DOI: 10.1055/a-0833-7349.
• 2 Fleming TP, Watkins AJ, Velazquez MA. et al. Origins of lifetime health around the time of conception: causes and consequences. The Lancet 2018; 391 (10132): 1842-1852. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30312-X.
• 3 Eclarinal JD, Zhu S, Baker MS. et al. Maternal exercise during pregnancy promotes physical activity in adult offspring. FASEB J 2016; 30 (07) : 2541-2548. DOI: 10.1096 / fj.201500018 R.
• 4 Koletzko B, Cremer M, Flothkötter M. et al. Diet and Lifestyle Before and During Pregnancy - Practical Recommendations of the Germany-wide Healthy Start - Young Family Net-work. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2018; 78 (12) : 1262-1282. DOI: 10.1055/a-0713-1058.
• 5 Stephenson J, Heslehurst N, Hall J. et al. Before the beginning: nutrition and life-style in the preconception period and its importance for future health. The Lancet 2018; 391 10132: 1830-1841. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30311-8.
• 6 Marí-Sanchis A, Díaz-Jurado G, Basterra-Gortari FJ. et al. Association between pre-pregnancy consumption of meat, iron intake, and the risk of gestational diabetes: the SUN project. Eur J Nutr 2018; 57 (03) : 939-949. DOI: 10.1007/s00394-017-1377-3.
• 7 Mijatovic-Vukas J, Capling L, Cheng S. et al. Associations of Diet and Physical Activity with Risk for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2018; 10 (06) . DOI: 10.3390/nu10060698.
• 8 Price S, Nankervis A, Permezel M. et al. Health consequences for mother and baby of substantial pre-conception weight loss in obese women: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2018; 19 (01) : 248. DOI: 10.1186/s13063-018-2615-6..
• 9 Sarker G, Berrens R, Arx J von. et al. Transgenerational transmission of hedonic behaviors and metabolic phenotypes induced by maternal overnutrition. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8 (01) : 195. DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0243-2.
• 10 Morgen CS, Ängquist L, Baker JL. et al. Prenatal risk factors influencing childhood BMI and overweight independent of birth weight and infancy BMI: a path analysis within the Danish National Birth Cohort. Int J Obes (Lond) 2018; 42 (04) : 594-602. DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.217.
• 11 Patel N, Godfrey KM, Pasupathy D. et al. Infant adiposity following a randomised con-trolled trial of a behavioural intervention in obese pregnancy. Int J Obes (Lond) 2017; 41 (07) : 1018-1026. DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.44.
• 12 Dodd JM, McPhee AJ, Deussen AR. et al. Effects of an antenatal dietary intervention in overweight and obese women on 6 month infant outcomes: follow-up from the LIMIT randomised trial. Int J Obes (Lond) 2018; 42 (07) : 1326-1335. DOI: 10.1038/s41366-018-0019-z.
• 13 Stubert J, Reister F, Hartmann S. et al. The Risks Associated With Obesity in Pregnancy. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2018; 115 (16) : 276-283. DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2018.0276.
• 14 Gregg VH, Ferguson JE. Exercise in Pregnancy. Clin Sports Med. 2017; 36 (04) : 741-752. DOI: 10.1016/j.csm.2017.05.005..
• 15 Vargas-Terrones M, Nagpal TS, Barakat R. Impact of exercise during pregnancy on gestational weight gain and birth weight: an overview. Braz J Phys Ther 2019; 23 (02) : 164-169. DOI: 10.1016/j.bjpt.2018.11.012.
• 16 Barakat R, Refoyo I, Coteron J. et al. Exercise during pregnancy has a preventative effect on excessive maternal weight gain and gestational diabetes. A randomized controlled trial. Braz J Phys Ther 2019; 23 (02) : 148-155. DOI: 10.1016/j.bjpt.2018.11.005.
• 17 Rütten A, Pfeifer K. Nationale Empfehlungen für die Bewegung und Bewegungs-förderung 2017 (79)
• 18 Berti C, Biesalski HK, Gärtner R. et al. Micronutrients in pregnancy: current knowledge and unresolved questions. Clin Nutr 2011; 30 (06) : 689-701. DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2011.08.004..
• 19 Zavorsky GS, Longo LD. Exercise guidelines in pregnancy: new perspectives. Sports Med 2011; 41 (05) : 345-360. DOI: 10.2165/11583930-000000000-00000..
• 20 Garber CE, Blissmer B, Deschenes MR. et al. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: guidance for prescribing exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011; 43 (07) : 1334-1359. DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318213fefb..
• 21 Mottola MF, Davenport MH, Ruchat SM. et al. 2019 Canadian guideline for physical activity throughout pregnancy. Br J Sports Med 2018; 52 (21) : 1339-1346. DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2018-100056.
• 22 Lang AY, Boyle JA, Fitzgerald GL. et al. Optimizing preconception health in women of reproductive age. Minerva Ginecol 2018; 70 (01) : 99-119. DOI: 10.23736/S0026-4784.17.04140-5.