S3-Leitlinie Magenkarzinom – Diagnostik und Therapie der Adenokarzinome des Magens und des ösophagogastralen Übergangs – Langversion 2.0 – August 2019. AWMF-Registernummer: 032/009OL

Wesentliche Neuerungen durch die Aktualisierung der Leitlinie

Die Experten haben die gesamte Leitlinie durchgesehen und auf Aktualisierungsbedarf geprüft. Folgende Änderungen haben sich im Vergleich zur vorherigen Leitlinie von 2011 ergeben:

• Risikofaktoren (Kapitel 3, 4, 5): Für den Risikofaktor H. pylori wurden Risikogruppen zur Eradikation und Krebsprävention definiert. Die genetische Klassifikation nach dem Cancer Genome Atlas TCGA wurde aufgenommen. Besondere Bedeutung haben die Charakterisierung von Patienten für die mit Mikrosatelliteninstabilität/HNPCC und Epstein-Barr-Virus assoziierten Tumoren.

• Chirurgische Therapie (Kapitel 10–11): Die Laparaskopie ist ein zusätzlicher, wichtiger diagnostischer Schritt vor der perioperativen Therapie. Außerdem sind die Resektionsränder bei der Gastrektomie in Diskussion; in Einzelfällen kann hier von den Standards im Sicherheitsabstand abgewichen werden.

• Neoadjuvante und palliative Chemotherapie (Kapitel 12–13): Als perioperatives Konzept hat sich FLOT etabliert. Als palliative Zweitlinientherapie ist Ramucirumab ggfs. in Kombination mit Paclitaxel zugelassen. Die Immuntherapie mit Checkpoint-Inhibitoren ist in Erprobung und nur bei MSI-Karzinomen sehr vielversprechend.

• Supportive Maßnahmen (Kapitel 14, 15, 16, 17): Die Kapitel wurden für Ernährung und Lebensqualität konkretisiert und mit der S3-Leitlinie Supportivtherapie in Einklang gebracht. Mehr Information finden Sie unter dem folgenden Link: https://www.leitlinienprogramm-onkologie.de/leitlinien/supportive-therapie/

Eine genaue Aufstellung über die Veränderung der einzelnen Empfehlungen findet sich Kapitel 19.1.

• Literatur

• 1 Institut RK. Krebs in Deutschland 2013/2014. 2017 eingesehen am 5.2.2018 11. Auflage. http://www.krebsdaten.de/Krebs/DE/Content/Publikationen/Krebs_in_Deutschland/kid_2017 / krebs_in_deutschland_2017.pdf
• 2 Porschen R. et al. S3-Leitlinie Diagnostik und Therapie der Plattenepithelkarzinome und Adenokarzinome des Ösophagus (Langversion 1.0 – September 2015, AWMF-Registernummer: 021/023OL). Z Gastroenterol 2015; 53: 1288-1347
• 3 Dindo D, Demartines N, Clavien PA. Classification of surgical complications: a new proposal with evaluation in a cohort of 6336 patients and results of a survey. Ann Surg 2004; 240: 205-213
• 4 Clavien PA. et al. The Clavien-Dindo classification of surgical complications: five-year experience. Ann Surg 2009; 250: 187-196
• 5 Müller RP. et al. Common Toxicity Criteria (CTC): Dokumentation von Nebenwirkungen in der Onkologie. Dtsch Arztebl International 1999; 96: 489
• 6 Langer G. et al. GRADE guidelines: 1. Introduction – GRADE evidence profiles and summary of findings tables. Z Evid Fortbild Qual Gesundhwes 2012; 106: 357-368
• 7 Plummer M. et al. Global burden of gastric cancer attributable to Helicobacter pylori. Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 487-490
• 8 Ford AC. et al. Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy to prevent gastric cancer in healthy asymptomatic infected individuals: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2014; 348: g3174
• 9 Cavaleiro-Pinto M. et al. Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric cardia cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Causes Control 2011; 22: 375-387
• 10 Fischbach W. et al. S2k-guideline Helicobacter pylori and gastroduodenal ulcer disease. Z Gastroenterol 2016; 54: 327-363
• 11 Malfertheiner P. et al. Management of Helicobacter pylori infection - the Maastricht V/Florence Consensus Report. Gut 2017; 66: 6-30
• 12 de Martel C, Franceschi S. Infections and cancer: established associations and new hypotheses. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2009; 70: 183-194
• 13 Malfertheiner P. et al. Helicobacter pylori eradication has the potential to prevent gastric cancer: a state-of-the-art critique. Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100: 2100-2115
• 14 Uemura N. et al. Helicobacter pylori infection and the development of gastric cancer. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 784-789
• 15 Correa P. Human gastric carcinogenesis: a multistep and multifactorial process – First American Cancer Society Award Lecture on Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention. Cancer Res 1992; 52: 6735-6740
• 16 Ormiston MC, Gear MW, Codling BW. Five year follow-up study of gastritis. J Clin Pathol 1982; 35: 757-760
• 17 Kapadia CR. Gastric atrophy, metaplasia, and dysplasia: a clinical perspective. J Clin Gastroenterol 2003; 36 (Suppl. 05) S29-S36 ; discussion S61–62
• 18 Huang JQ. et al. Meta-analysis of the relationship between Helicobacter pylori seropositivity and gastric cancer. Gastroenterology 1998; 114: 1169-1179
• 19 Gastric cancer and Helicobacter pylori: a combined analysis of 12 case control studies nested within prospective cohorts. Gut 2001; 49: 347-353
• 20 Huang JQ. et al. Meta-analysis of the relationship between cagA seropositivity and gastric cancer. Gastroenterology 2003; 125: 1636-1644
• 21 Ekstrom AM. et al. Decreasing incidence of both major histologic subtypes of gastric adenocarcinoma – a population-based study in Sweden. Br J Cancer 2000; 83: 391-396
• 22 Herrero R, Park JY, Forman D. The fight against gastric cancer – the IARC Working Group report. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2014; 28: 1107-1114
• 23 Fock KM, Graham DY, Malfertheiner P. Helicobacter pylori research: historical insights and future directions. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 10: 495-500
• 24 Li WQ, Ma JL, Zhang L. et al. Effects of Helicobacter pylori Treatment on Gastric Cancer Incidence and Mortality in Subgroups. JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute 2014; 106: dju116 . https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/dju116
• 25 Wang C, Yuan Y, Hunt RH. The association between Helicobacter pylori infection and early gastric cancer: a meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2007; 102: 1789-1798
• 26 Derks S, Bas AJ. Mutational signatures in Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric cancer: lessons from new sequencing technologies. Gastroenterology 2014; 147: 267-269
• 27 Shimizu T. et al. Accumulation of somatic mutations in TP53 in gastric epithelium with Helicobacter pylori infection. Gastroenterology 2014; 147: 407-417 e3
• 28 Stoicov C. et al. Molecular biology of gastric cancer: Helicobacter infection and gastric adenocarcinoma: bacterial and host factors responsible for altered growth signaling. Gene 2004; 341: 1-17
• 29 Abe H. et al. Influence of bile reflux and Helicobacter pylori infection on gastritis in the remnant gastric mucosa after distal gastrectomy. J Gastroenterol 2005; 40: 563-569
• 30 Kodaman N. et al. Human and Helicobacter pylori coevolution shapes the risk of gastric disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111: 1455-1460
• 31 Ekstrom AM. et al. Occupational exposures and risk of gastric cancer in a population-based case-control study. Cancer Res 1999; 59: 5932-5937
• 32 Miehlke S. et al. The Helicobacter pylori vacA s1, m1 genotype and cagA is associated with gastric carcinoma in Germany. Int J Cancer 2000; 87: 322-327
• 33 Ekstrom AM. et al. Dietary antioxidant intake and the risk of cardia cancer and noncardia cancer of the intestinal and diffuse types: a population-based case-control study in Sweden. Int J Cancer 2000; 87: 133-140
• 34 Gonzalez CA. et al. Meat intake and risk of stomach and esophageal adenocarcinoma within the European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). J Natl Cancer Inst 2006; 98: 345-354
• 35 Gonzalez CA, Lopez-Carrillo L. Helicobacter pylori, nutrition and smoking interactions: their impact in gastric carcinogenesis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2010; 45: 6-14
• 36 Hansson LE. et al. Helicobacter pylori infection: independent risk indicator of gastric adenocarcinoma. Gastroenterology 1993; 105: 1098-1103
• 37 Hansson LR. et al. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in subtypes of gastric cancer. Gastroenterology 1995; 109: 885-888
• 38 Siewert JR, Stein HJ. Classification of adenocarcinoma of the oesophagogastric junction. Br J Surg 1998; 85: 1457-1459
• 39 Bornschein J. et al. H. pylori infection is a key risk factor for proximal gastric cancer. Dig Dis Sci 2010; 55: 3124-3131
• 40 Derakhshan MH, Watabe H, Yazdanbod A. et al. Combination of gastric atrophy, reflux symptoms and histological subtype indicates two distinct aetiologies of gastric cardia cancer. Gut 2008; 57: 298-305
• 41 Hansen S. et al. Two distinct aetiologies of cardia cancer; evidence from premorbid serological markers of gastric atrophy and Helicobacter pylori status. Gut 2007; 56: 918-925
• 42 McColl KE, Watabe H, Derakhshan MH. Role of gastric atrophy in mediating negative association between Helicobacter pylori infection and reflux oesophagitis, Barrett’s oesophagus and oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Gut 2008; 57: 721-723
• 43 Bornschein J. et al. Adenocarcinomas at different positions at the gastro-oesophageal junction show distinct association with gastritis and gastric preneoplastic conditions. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 27: 492-500
• 44 De Jonge PJ, Wolters LM, Steyerberg EW. et al. Environmental risk factors in the development of adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus or gastric cardia: a cross‐sectional study in a Dutch cohort. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2007; 26: 31-39 . doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03344.x
• 45 Tajima Y. et al. Differences in the histological findings, phenotypic marker expressions and genetic alterations between adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardia and distal stomach. Br J Cancer 2007; 96: 631-638
• 46 Crew KD, Neugut AI. Epidemiology of gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12: 354-362
• 47 Islami F, Kamangar F. Helicobacter pylori and esophageal cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2008; 1: 329-338
• 48 Xie FJ. et al. Helicobacter pylori infection and esophageal cancer risk: an updated meta- analysis. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19: 6098-6107
• 49 Anderson LA. et al. Relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric atrophy and the stages of the oesophageal inflammation, metaplasia, adenocarcinoma sequence: results from the FINBAR case-control study. Gut 2008; 57: 734-739
• 50 Network, C.G.A.R. Comprehensive molecular characterization of gastric adenocarcinoma. Nature 2014; 513: 202-209
• 51 Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network J, A.W.G.A.U.R., BC Cancer Agency AJ, Brigham and Women’s Hospital AG, Broad Institute RD, Brown University AD, et al. Integrated genomic characterization of oesophageal carcinoma. Nature 2017; 541: 169-175
• 52 Murphy G. et al. Meta-analysis shows that prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus-positive gastric cancer differs based on sex and anatomic location. Gastroenterology 2009; 137: 824-833
• 53 Malfertheiner P. et al. Management of Helicobacter pylori infection – the Maastricht IV/ Florence Consensus Report. Gut 2012; 61: 646-664
• 54 Fuccio L. et al. Meta-analysis: can Helicobacter pylori eradication treatment reduce the risk for gastric cancer?. Ann Intern Med 2009; 151: 121-128
• 55 Kosunen TU. et al. Gastric cancers in Finnish patients after cure of Helicobacter pylori infection: A cohort study. Int J Cancer 2011; 128: 433-439
• 56 Ogura K. et al. The effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on reducing the incidence of gastric cancer. J Clin Gastroenterol 2008; 42: 279-283
• 57 Wong BC. et al. Helicobacter pylori eradication to prevent gastric cancer in a high-risk region of China: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004; 291: 187-194
• 58 Shiotani A. et al. Predictive factors for metachronous gastric cancer in high-risk patients after successful Helicobacter pylori eradication. Digestion 2008; 78: 113-119
• 59 Maehata Y. et al. Long-term effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on the development of metachronous gastric cancer after endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer. Gastrointest Endosc 2012; 75: 39-46
• 60 Fukase K. et al. Effect of eradication of Helicobacter pylori on incidence of metachronous gastric carcinoma after endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer: an open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2008; 372: 392-397
• 61 Kwon YH. et al. Failure of Helicobacter pylori eradication and age are independent risk factors for recurrent neoplasia after endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer in 283 patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2014; 39: 609-618
• 62 Seo JY. et al. Eradication of Helicobacter pylori reduces metachronous gastric cancer after endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer. Hepatogastroenterology 2013; 60: 776-780
• 63 Toyokawa T. et al. Eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection improved gastric mucosal atrophy and prevented progression of intestinal metaplasia, especially in the elderly population: a long-term prospective cohort study. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 25: 544-547
• 64 Kodama M. et al. Helicobacter pylori eradication improves gastric atrophy and intestinal metaplasia in long-term observation. Digestion 2012; 85: 126-130
• 65 Lee YC. et al. Association Between Helicobacter pylori Eradication and Gastric Cancer Incidence: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 2016; 150: 1113-1124 e5
• 66 Pan KF. et al. A large randomised controlled intervention trial to prevent gastric cancer by eradication of Helicobacter pylori in Linqu County, China: baseline results and factors affecting the eradication. Gut 2016; 65: 9-18
• 67 Forman D, Graham DY. Review article: impact of Helicobacter pylori on society-role for a strategy of ‘search and eradicate’. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004; 19 (Suppl. 01) 17-21
• 68 Cho SJ. et al. Randomised clinical trial: the effects of Helicobacter pylori eradication on glandular atrophy and intestinal metaplasia after subtotal gastrectomy for gastric cancer. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013; 38: 477-489
• 69 Wu CY. et al. Early Helicobacter pylori eradication decreases risk of gastric cancer in patients with peptic ulcer disease. Gastroenterology 2009; 137: 1641-1648 e1–e2
• 70 Yang HB. et al. H. pylori eradication prevents the progression of gastric intestinal metaplasia in reflux esophagitis patients using long-term esomeprazole. Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 104: 1642-1649
• 71 Rokkas T. et al. Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric histology in first-degree relatives of gastric cancer patients: a meta-analysis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 22: 1128-1133
• 72 Shichijo S. et al. Histologic intestinal metaplasia and endoscopic atrophy are predictors of gastric cancer development after Helicobacter pylori eradication. Gastrointest Endosc 2016; 84: 618-624
• 73 Yaghoobi M. et al. What is the quantitative risk of gastric cancer in the first-degree relatives of patients? A meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23 (13) 2435-2442
• 74 Lagergren J. et al. Symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux as a risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 825-831
• 75 Velanovich V. et al. Relationship of gastroesophageal reflux disease with adenocarcinoma of the distal esophagus and cardia. Dig Surg 2002; 19: 349-353
• 76 Wu AH, Tseng CC, Bernstein L. Hiatal hernia, reflux symptoms, body size, and risk of esophageal and gastric adenocarcinoma. Cancer 2003; 98: 940-948
• 77 Chak A. et al. Gastroesophageal reflux symptoms in patients with adenocarcinoma of the esophagus or cardia. Cancer 2006; 107: 2160-2166
• 78 Morgagni P. et al. Gastric stump carcinoma after distal subtotal gastrectomy for early gastric cancer: experience of 541 patients with long-term follow-up. Am J Surg 2015; 209: 1063-1068
• 79 Murphy G. et al. Cancer Risk After Pernicious Anemia in the US Elderly Population. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 13: 2282-2289 e1–e4
• 80 Turati F. et al. A meta-analysis of body mass index and esophageal and gastric cardia adenocarcinoma. Ann Oncol 2013; 24: 609-617
• 81 Kubo A, Corley DA. Body mass index and adenocarcinomas of the esophagus or gastric cardia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006; 15: 872-878
• 82 Whiteman DC. et al. Combined effects of obesity, acid reflux and smoking on the risk of adenocarcinomas of the oesophagus. Gut 2008; 57: 173-180
• 83 Steffen A. et al. General and abdominal obesity and risk of esophageal and gastric adenocarcinoma in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Int J Cancer 2015; 137: 646-657
• 84 Fan JH. et al. Body mass index and risk of gastric cancer: A 30-year follow-up study in the Linxian general population trial cohort. Cancer Sci 2017; 108: 1667-1672
• 85 Rubenstein JH, Thrift AP. Risk factors and populations at risk: selection of patients for screening for Barrett’s oesophagus. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2015; 29: 41-50
• 86 Fan X, Snyder N. Prevalence of Barrett’s esophagus in patients with or without GERD symptoms: role of race, age, and gender. Dig Dis Sci 2009; 54: 572-577
• 87 Cook MB. et al. Gastroesophageal reflux in relation to adenocarcinomas of the esophagus: a pooled analysis from the Barrett’s and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Consortium (BEACON). PLoS One 2014; 9: e103508
• 88 Quante M. et al. Bile acid and inflammation activate gastric cardia stem cells in a mouse model of Barrett-like metaplasia. Cancer Cell 2012; 21: 36-51
• 89 Schmiegel W. et al. S3-Leitlinie – Kolorektales Karzinom. Z Gastroenterol 2017; 55: 1344-1498
• 90 Gao Y. et al. Family history of cancer and risk for esophageal and gastric cancer in Shanxi, China. BMC Cancer 2009; 9: 269
• 91 Shin CM. et al. Stomach cancer risk in gastric cancer relatives: interaction between Helicobacter pylori infection and family history of gastric cancer for the risk of stomach cancer. J Clin Gastroenterol 2010; 44: e34-e39
• 92 Foschi R. et al. Family history of cancer and stomach cancer risk. Int J Cancer 2008; 123: 1429-1432
• 93 Chen MJ. et al. Personal history and family history as a predictor of gastric cardiac adenocarcinoma risk: a case-control study in Taiwan. Am J Gastroenterol 2004; 99: 1250-1257
• 94 Kondo T. et al. Aggregation of stomach cancer history in parents and offspring in comparison with other sites. Int J Epidemiol 2003; 32: 579-583
• 95 Munoz N. et al. A case-control study of gastric cancer in Venezuela. Int J Cancer 2001; 93: 417-423
• 96 Brenner H. et al. Individual and joint contribution of family history and Helicobacter pylori infection to the risk of gastric carcinoma. Cancer 2000; 88: 274-279
• 97 Garcia-Gonzalez MA. et al. Gastric cancer susceptibility is not linked to pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokine gene polymorphisms in whites: a Nationwide Multicenter Study in Spain. Am J Gastroenterol 2007; 102: 1878-1892
• 98 Yatsuya H. et al. Individual and joint impact of family history and Helicobacter pylori infection on the risk of stomach cancer: a nested case-control study. Br J Cancer 2004; 91: 929-934
• 99 Oliveira C. et al. Familial gastric cancer: genetic susceptibility, pathology, and implications for management. Lancet Oncol 2015; 16: e60-e70
• 100 Colvin H. et al. Hereditary Gastric Cancer Syndromes. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2015; 24: 765-777
• 101 Pinheiro H. et al. Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer – pathophysiology and clinical management. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2014; 28: 1055-1068
• 102 Worthley DL. et al. Gastric adenocarcinoma and proximal polyposis of the stomach (GAPPS): a new autosomal dominant syndrome. Gut 2012; 61: 774-779
• 103 Majewski IJ. et al. An alpha-E-catenin (CTNNA1) mutation in hereditary diffuse gastric cancer. J Pathol 2013; 229: 621-629
• 104 Donner I. et al. Exome sequencing reveals three novel candidate predisposition genes for diffuse gastric cancer. Fam Cancer 2015; 14: 241-246
• 105 Li J. et al. Point Mutations in Exon 1B of APC Reveal Gastric Adenocarcinoma and Proximal Polyposis of the Stomach as a Familial Adenomatous Polyposis Variant. Am J Hum Genet 2016; 98: 830-842
• 106 Jung SM. et al. Clinicopathological features of familial adenomatous polyposis in Korean patients. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22 (17) 4380-4388
• 107 Heald B. et al. Frequent gastrointestinal polyps and colorectal adenocarcinomas in a prospective series of PTEN mutation carriers. Gastroenterology 2010; 139: 1927-1933
• 108 Latchford AR. et al. Juvenile polyposis syndrome: a study of genotype, phenotype, and long-term outcome. Dis Colon Rectum 2012; 55: 1038-1043
• 109 Masciari S. et al. Gastric cancer in individuals with Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Genet Med 2011; 13: 651-657
• 110 Win AK. et al. Risk of extracolonic cancers for people with biallelic and monoallelic mutations in MUTYH. Int J Cancer 2016; 139: 1557-1563
• 111 Giardiello FM. et al. Very high risk of cancer in familial Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Gastroenterology 2000; 119: 1447-1453
• 112 Streff H. et al. Cancer Incidence in First- and Second-Degree Relatives of BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutation Carriers. Oncologist 2016; 21: 869-874
• 113 van der Post RS. et al. Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer: updated clinical guidelines with an emphasis on germline CDH1 mutation carriers. J Med Genet 2015; 52: 361-374
• 114 Corso G. et al. Frequency of CDH1 germline mutations in gastric carcinoma coming from high- and low-risk areas: metanalysis and systematic review of the literature. BMC Cancer 2012; 12: 8
• 115 Petrovchich I, Ford JM. Genetic predisposition to gastric cancer. Semin Oncol 2016; 43: 554-559
• 116 Hansford S. et al. Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Cancer Syndrome: CDH1 Mutations and Beyond. JAMA Oncol 2015; 1: 23-32
• 117 Bundesärztekammer, Richtlinien zur Diagnostik der genetischen Disposition für Krebserkrankungen. Deutsches Ärzteblatt 1998; 22: 1396-1403
• 118 Fitzgerald RC. et al. Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer: updated consensus guidelines for clinical management and directions for future research. J Med Genet 2010; 47: 436-444
• 119 Corso G. et al. E-cadherin germline mutation carriers: clinical management and genetic implications. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2014; 33: 1081-1094
• 120 Seevaratnam R. et al. A systematic review of the indications for genetic testing and prophylactic gastrectomy among patients with hereditary diffuse gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer 2012; 15 (Suppl. 01) S153-S163
• 121 Huntsman DG. et al. Early gastric cancer in young, asymptomatic carriers of germ-line E-cadherin mutations. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1904-1909
• 122 Lewis FR. et al. Prophylactic total gastrectomy for familial gastric cancer. Surgery 2001; 130: 612-617 ; discussion 617–619
• 123 Rogers WM. et al. Risk-reducing total gastrectomy for germline mutations in E-cadherin (CDH1): pathologic findings with clinical implications. Am J Surg Pathol 2008; 32: 799-809
• 124 Koornstra JJ. et al. Management of extracolonic tumours in patients with Lynch syndrome. Lancet Oncol 2009; 10: 400-408
• 125 Barrow E. et al. Cumulative lifetime incidence of extracolonic cancers in Lynch syndrome: a report of 121 families with proven mutations. Clin Genet 2009; 75: 141-149
• 126 Capelle LG. et al. Risk and epidemiological time trends of gastric cancer in Lynch syndrome carriers in the Netherlands. Gastroenterology 2010; 138: 487-492
• 127 Vasen HF. et al. MSH2 mutation carriers are at higher risk of cancer than MLH1 mutation carriers: a study of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer families. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19: 4074-4080
• 128 Lee SE. et al. Pyloric gland adenoma in Lynch syndrome. Am J Surg Pathol 2014; 38: 784-792
• 129 Park YJ, Shin KH, Park JG. Risk of gastric cancer in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer in Korea. Clin Cancer Res 2000; 6: 2994-2998
• 130 Gylling A. et al. Is gastric cancer part of the tumour spectrum of hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer? A molecular genetic study. Gut 2007; 56: 926-933
• 131 Goecke T. et al. Genotype-phenotype comparison of German MLH1 and MSH2 mutation carriers clinically affected with Lynch syndrome: a report by the German HNPCC Consortium. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24: 4285-4292
• 132 Geary J. et al. Gene-related cancer spectrum in families with hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC). Fam Cancer 2008; 7: 163-172
• 133 Vasen HF. et al. Guidelines for the clinical management of Lynch syndrome (hereditary non-polyposis cancer). J Med Genet 2007; 44: 353-362
• 134 Renkonen-Sinisalo L. et al. No support for endoscopic surveillance for gastric cancer in hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer. Scand J Gastroenterol 2002; 37: 574-577
• 135 Schulmann K. et al. HNPCC-associated small bowel cancer: clinical and molecular characteristics. Gastroenterology 2005; 128: 590-599
• 136 Huang YK. et al. Significance of Serum Pepsinogens as a Biomarker for Gastric Cancer and Atrophic Gastritis Screening: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10: e0142080
• 137 Terasawa T. et al. Prediction of gastric cancer development by serum pepsinogen test and Helicobacter pylori seropositivity in Eastern Asians: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2014; 9: e109783
• 138 di Mario F, Cavallaro LG. Non-invasive tests in gastric diseases. Dig Liver Dis 2008; 40: 523-530
• 139 Cao Q, Ran ZH, Xiao SD. Screening of atrophic gastritis and gastric cancer by serum pepsinogen, gastrin-17 and Helicobacter pylori immunoglobulin G antibodies. J Dig Dis 2007; 8: 15-22
• 140 Kikuchi S. et al. Design and planned analyses of an ongoing randomized trial assessing the preventive effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on occurrence of new gastric carcinomas after endoscopic resection. Helicobacter 2006; 11: 147-151
• 141 Leja M. et al. The validity of a biomarker method for indirect detection of gastric mucosal atrophy versus standard histopathology. Dig Dis Sci 2009; 54: 2377-2384
• 142 Kitahara F. et al. Accuracy of screening for gastric cancer using serum pepsinogen concentrations. Gut 1999; 44: 693-697
• 143 Watabe H. et al. Predicting the development of gastric cancer from combining Helicobacter pylori antibodies and serum pepsinogen status: a prospective endoscopic cohort study. Gut 2005; 54: 764-768
• 144 Oishi Y. et al. The serum pepsinogen test as a predictor of gastric cancer: the Hisayama study. Am J Epidemiol 2006; 163: 629-637
• 145 Ikeda F. et al. Combination of Helicobacter pylori Antibody and Serum Pepsinogen as a Good Predictive Tool of Gastric Cancer Incidence: 20-Year Prospective Data From the Hisayama Study. J Epidemiol 2016; 26: 629-636
• 146 Roman LD. et al. Prevalence of H. pylori Infection and Atrophic Gastritis in a Population- based Screening with Serum Biomarker Panel (GastroPanel(R)) in St. Petersburg. Anticancer Res 2016; 36: 4129-4138
• 147 Miki K. Gastric cancer screening using the serum pepsinogen test method. Gastric Cancer 2006; 9: 245-253
• 148 Yoshihara M. et al. Reduction in gastric cancer mortality by screening based on serum pepsinogen concentration: a case-control study. Scand J Gastroenterol 2007; 42: 760-764
• 149 Yanaoka K. et al. Cancer high-risk subjects identified by serum pepsinogen tests: outcomes after 10-year follow-up in asymptomatic middle-aged males. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17: 838-845
• 150 Zhang X. et al. Low serum pepsinogen I and pepsinogen I/II ratio and Helicobacter pylori infection are associated with increased risk of gastric cancer: 14-year follow up result in a rural Chinese community. Int J Cancer 2012; 130: 1614-1619
• 151 Lomba-Viana R. et al. Serum pepsinogen test for early detection of gastric cancer in a European country. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 24: 37-41
• 152 Yeh JM. et al. Gastric adenocarcinoma screening and prevention in the era of new biomarker and endoscopic technologies: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Gut 2016; 65: 563-574
• 153 Herrero R, Parsonne J, Greenberg ER. Prevention of gastric cancer. JAMA 2014; 312: 1197-1198
• 154 Lansdorp-Vogelaar I, Sharp L. Cost-effectiveness of screening and treating Helicobacter pylori for gastric cancer prevention. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2013; 27: 933-947
• 155 denHoed CM. et al. The prevalence of premalignant gastric lesions in asymptomatic patients: predicting the future incidence of gastric cancer. Eur J Cancer 2011; 47: 1211-1218
• 156 Dinis-Ribeiro M. et al. Management of precancerous conditions and lesions in the stomach (MAPS): guideline from the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE), European Helicobacter Study Group (EHSG), European Society of Pathology (ESP), and the Sociedade Portuguesa de Endoscopia Digestiva (SPED). Endoscopy 2012; 44: 74-94
• 157 Rugge M, Genta RM, Group O. Staging gastritis: an international proposal. Gastroenterology 2005; 129: 1807-1808
• 158 Rugge M. et al. Gastritis staging in clinical practice: the OLGA staging system. Gut 2007; 56: 631-636
• 159 Capelle LG. et al. The staging of gastritis with the OLGA system by using intestinal metaplasia as an accurate alternative for atrophic gastritis. Gastrointest Endosc 2010; 71: 1150-1158
• 160 Isajevs S. et al. Gastritis staging: interobserver agreement by applying OLGA and OLGIM systems. Virchows Arch 2014; 464: 403-407
• 161 Leja M. et al. Interobserver variation in assessment of gastric premalignant lesions: higher agreement for intestinal metaplasia than for atrophy. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 25: 694-699
• 162 Marcos-Pinto R. et al. First-degree relatives of patients with early-onset gastric carcinoma show even at young ages a high prevalence of advanced OLGA/OLGIM stages and dysplasia. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012; 35: 1451-1459
• 163 Rugge M. et al. Gastritis OLGA-staging and gastric cancer risk: a twelve-year clinico- pathological follow-up study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 31: 1104-1111
• 164 de Vries AC. et al. Gastric cancer risk in patients with premalignant gastric lesions: a nationwide cohort study in the Netherlands. Gastroenterology 2008; 134: 945-952
• 165 de Vries AC, Haringsma J, Kuipers EJ. The detection, surveillance and treatment of premalignant gastric lesions related to Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter 2007; 12: 1-15
• 166 Li D. et al. Risks and Predictors of Gastric Adenocarcinoma in Patients with Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia and Dysplasia: A Population-Based Study. Am J Gastroenterol 2016; 111: 1104-1113
• 167 Song H. et al. Incidence of gastric cancer among patients with gastric precancerous lesions: observational cohort study in a low risk Western population. BMJ 2015; 351: h3867
• 168 den Hoed CM. et al. Follow-up of premalignant lesions in patients at risk for progression to gastric cancer. Endoscopy 2013; 45: 249-256
• 169 Take S. et al. The long-term risk of gastric cancer after the successful eradication of Helicobacter pylori. J Gastroenterol 2011; 46: 318-324
• 170 Rokkas T. et al. The long-term impact of Helicobacter pylori eradication on gastric histology: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Helicobacter 2007; 12 (Suppl. 02) 32-38
• 171 Yoshida T. et al. Cancer development based on chronic active gastritis and resulting gastric atrophy as assessed by serum levels of pepsinogen and Helicobacter pylori antibody titer. Int J Cancer 2014; 134: 1445-1457
• 172 Lash JG, Genta RM. Adherence to the Sydney System guidelines increases the detection of Helicobacter gastritis and intestinal metaplasia in 400738 sets of gastric biopsies. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013; 38: 424-431
• 173 O’Connor A, McNamara D, O’Morain CA. Surveillance of gastric intestinal metaplasia for the prevention of gastric cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013: CD009322
• 174 de Vries AC. et al. Biopsy strategies for endoscopic surveillance of pre-malignant gastric lesions. Helicobacter 2010; 15: 259-264
• 175 Areia M, Dinis-Ribeiro M, Rocha Goncalves F. Cost-utility analysis of endoscopic surveillance of patients with gastric premalignant conditions. Helicobacter 2014; 19: 425-446
• 176 Hassan C. et al. Cost-effectiveness of endoscopic surveillance for gastric intestinal metaplasia. Helicobacter 2010; 15: 221-226
• 177 Pimentel-Nunes P. et al. Management of epithelial precancerous conditions and lesions in the stomach (MAPS II): European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE), European Helicobacter and Microbiota Study Group (EHMSG), European Society of Pathology (ESP), and Sociedade Portuguesa de Endoscopia Digestiva (SPED) guideline update 2019. Endoscopy 2019; 51: 365-388
• 178 Kadam PD, Chuan HH. Erratum to: Rectocutaneous fistula with transmigration of the suture: a rare delayed complication of vault fixation with the sacrospinous ligament. Int Urogynecol J 2016; 27: 505
• 179 Fock KM. et al. Asia-Pacific consensus guidelines on gastric cancer prevention. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 23: 351-365
• 180 Miller BA. et al. Cancer incidence and mortality patterns among specific Asian and Pacific Islander populations in the U.S. Cancer Causes Control 2008; 19: 227-256
• 181 Tersmette AC. et al. Meta-analysis of the risk of gastric stump cancer: detection of high risk patient subsets for stomach cancer after remote partial gastrectomy for benign conditions. Cancer Res 1990; 50: 6486-6489
• 182 Tersmette AC. et al. Carcinogenesis after remote peptic ulcer surgery: the long-term prognosis of partial gastrectomy. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 1995; 212: 96-99
• 183 Neugut AI, Hayek M, Howe G. Epidemiology of gastric cancer. Semin Oncol 1996; 23: 281-291
• 184 Stalnikowicz R, Benbassat J. Risk of gastric cancer after gastric surgery for benign disorders. Arch Intern Med 1990; 150: 2022-2026
• 185 Sinning C. et al. Gastric stump carcinoma – epidemiology and current concepts in pathogenesis and treatment. Eur J Surg Oncol 2007; 33: 133-139
• 186 Tran-Duy A. et al. Use of Proton Pump Inhibitors and Risks of Fundic Gland Polyps and Gastric Cancer: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 14: 1706-1719 e5
• 187 Lamberts R. et al. Long-term omeprazole treatment in man: effects on gastric endocrine cell populations. Digestion 1988; 39: 126-135
• 188 Klinkenberg-Knol EC. et al. Long-term treatment with omeprazole for refractory reflux esophagitis: efficacy and safety. Ann Intern Med 1994; 121: 161-167
• 189 Havu N. Enterochromaffin-like cell carcinoids of gastric mucosa in rats after life-long inhibition of gastric secretion. Digestion 1986; 35 (Suppl. 01) 42-55
• 190 Laine L. et al. Review article: potential gastrointestinal effects of long-term acid suppression with proton pump inhibitors. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2000; 14: 651-668
• 191 Gillen D, McColl KE. Problems associated with the clinical use of proton pump inhibitors. Pharmacol Toxicol 2001; 89: 281-286
• 192 Waldum HL. et al. Antiulcer drugs and gastric cancer. Dig Dis Sci 2005; 50 (Suppl. 01) S39-S44
• 193 Kuipers EJ. et al. Atrophic gastritis and Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with reflux esophagitis treated with omeprazole or fundoplication. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 1018-1022
• 194 Ye W, Nyren O. Risk of cancers of the oesophagus and stomach by histology or subsite in patients hospitalised for pernicious anaemia. Gut 2003; 52: 938-941
• 195 Bateman DN. et al. Mortality study of 18000 patients treated with omeprazole. Gut 2003; 52: 942-946
• 196 Garcia Rodriguez LA, Lagergren J, Lindblad M. Gastric acid suppression and risk of oesophageal and gastric adenocarcinoma: a nested case control study in the UK. Gut 2006; 55: 1538-1544
• 197 Poulsen AH. et al. Proton pump inhibitors and risk of gastric cancer: a population-based cohort study. Br J Cancer 2009; 100: 1503-1507
• 198 Attwood SE. et al. Long-term safety of proton pump inhibitor therapy assessed under controlled, randomised clinical trial conditions: data from the SOPRAN and LOTUS studies. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2015; 41: 1162-1174
• 199 Lundell L. et al. Systematic review: the effects of long-term proton pump inhibitor use on serum gastrin levels and gastric histology. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2015; 42: 649-663
• 200 Song H, Zhu J, Lu D. Long-term proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use and the development of gastric pre-malignant lesions. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; 12: CD010623
• 201 Cheung KS. et al. Long-term proton pump inhibitors and risk of gastric cancer development after treatment for Helicobacter pylori: a population-based study. Gut 2018; 67: 28-35
• 202 Zhang LJ. et al. Anti-Helicobacter pylori therapy followed by celecoxib on progression of gastric precancerous lesions. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15: 2731-2738
• 203 Yamac D. et al. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression and its association with angiogenesis, Helicobacter pylori, and clinicopathologic characteristics of gastric carcinoma. Pathol Res Pract 2008; 204: 527-536
• 204 Epplein M. et al. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and risk of gastric adenocarcinoma: the multiethnic cohort study. Am J Epidemiol 2009; 170: 507-514
• 205 Yang HB. et al. Chronic celecoxib users more often show regression of gastric intestinal metaplasia after Helicobacter pylori eradication. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007; 25: 455-461
• 206 Cuzick J. et al. Aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for cancer prevention: an international consensus statement. Lancet Oncol 2009; 10: 501-507
• 207 Das D, Chilton AP, Jankowski JA. Chemoprevention of oesophageal cancer and the AspECT trial. Recent Results Cancer Res 2009; 181: 161-169
• 208 Feng GS. et al. Celecoxib-related gastroduodenal ulcer and cardiovascular events in a randomized trial for gastric cancer prevention. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14: 4535-4539
• 209 Maret-Ouda J, El-Serag HB, Lagergren J. Opportunities for Preventing Esophageal Adenocarcinoma. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2016; 9: 828-834
• 210 Murata H. et al. Cyclooxygenase-2 overexpression enhances lymphatic invasion and metastasis in human gastric carcinoma. Am J Gastroenterol 1999; 94: 451-455
• 211 Joo YE. et al. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression is associated with well-differentiated and intestinal-type pathways in gastric carcinogenesis. Digestion 2002; 66: 222-229
• 212 Nardone G, Rocco A, Malfertheiner P. Review article: helicobacter pylori and molecular events in precancerous gastric lesions. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004; 20: 261-270
• 213 Thun MJ. et al. Aspirin use and risk of fatal cancer. Cancer Res 1993; 53: 1322-1327
• 214 Sorensen HT. et al. Risk of cancer in a large cohort of nonaspirin NSAID users: a population-based study. Br J Cancer 2003; 88: 1687-1692
• 215 Leung WK. et al. Effects of long-term rofecoxib on gastric intestinal metaplasia: results of a randomized controlled trial. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12: 4766-4772
• 216 Corley DA. et al. Protective association of aspirin/NSAIDs and esophageal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 2003; 124: 47-56
• 217 Gonzalez-Perez A, Garcia Rodriguez LL, Lopez-Ridaura R. Effects of non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs on cancer sites other than the colon and rectum: a meta-analysis. BMC Cancer 2003; 3: 28
• 218 Wang WH. et al. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and the risk of gastric cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95: 1784-1791
• 219 Vakil N. et al. Limited value of alarm features in the diagnosis of upper gastrointestinal malignancy: systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 2006; 131: 390-401 ; quiz 659–660
• 220 Lee SW. et al. The Diagnostic Value of Alarm Features for Identifying Types and Stages of Upper Gastrointestinal Malignancies. Gastroenterology Res 2017; 10: 120-125
• 221 Porschen R. et al. S3-Leitlinie Diagnostik und Therapie der Plattenepithelkarzinome und Adenokarzinome des Ösophagus (Langversion 1.0 – September 2015, AWMF-Registernummer: 021/023OL). Z Gastroenterol 2015; 53: 1288-1347
• 222 Smyth EC. et al. Gastric cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol 2016; 27 (Suppl. 05) v38-v49
• 223 Dekker W, Tytgat GN. Diagnostic accuracy of fiberendoscopy in the detection of upper intestinal malignancy. A follow-up analysis. Gastroenterology 1977; 73: 710-714
• 224 Behrens A. et al. How safe is sedation in gastrointestinal endoscopy? A multicentre analysis of 388,404 endoscopies and analysis of data from prospective registries of complications managed by members of the Working Group of Leading Hospital Gastroenterologists (ALGK). Z Gastroenterol 2013; 51: 432-436
• 225 Riphaus A. et al. Update S3-guideline: „sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopy“ 2014 (AWMF-register-no. 021/014). Z Gastroenterol 2016; 54: 58-95
• 226 Hu YY. et al. Diagnostic performance of magnifying narrow-band imaging for early gastric cancer: A meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21: 7884-7894
• 227 Zhang Q. et al. Comparison of the diagnostic efficacy of white light endoscopy and magnifying endoscopy with narrow band imaging for early gastric cancer: a meta-analysis. Gastric Cancer 2016; 19: 543-552
• 228 Ang TL. et al. A multicenter randomized comparison between high-definition white light endoscopy and narrow band imaging for detection of gastric lesions. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 27: 1473-1478
• 229 Dutta AK. et al. Narrow band imaging versus white light gastroscopy in detecting potentially premalignant gastric lesions: a randomized prospective crossover study. Indian J Gastroenterol 2013; 32: 37-42
• 230 So J. et al. Endoscopic tri-modal imaging improves detection of gastric intestinal metaplasia among a high-risk patient population in Singapore. Dig Dis Sci 2013; 58: 3566-3575
• 231 Denzer U. et al. S2k guideline: quality requirements for gastrointestinal endoscopy, AWMF registry no. 021–022. Z Gastroenterol 2015; 53: E1-E227
• 232 Asge Technology C. et al. Narrow band imaging and multiband imaging. Gastrointest Endosc 2008; 67: 581-589
• 233 Committee AT. et al. High-resolution and high-magnification endoscopes. Gastrointest Endosc 2009; 69: 399-407
• 234 Zhao Z. et al. Meta-analysis: The diagnostic efficacy of chromoendoscopy for early gastric cancer and premalignant gastric lesions. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 31: 1539-1545
• 235 Yu H. et al. Magnifying narrow-band imaging endoscopy is superior in diagnosis of early gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21: 9156-9162
• 236 Dohi O. et al. Diagnostic ability of magnifying endoscopy with blue laser imaging for early gastric cancer: a prospective study. Gastric Cancer 2017; 20: 297-303
• 237 Kikuste I. et al. Systematic review of the diagnosis of gastric premalignant conditions and neoplasia with high-resolution endoscopic technologies. Scand J Gastroenterol 2013; 48: 1108-1117
• 238 Nakamura M. et al. Usefulness of ultraslim endoscopy with flexible spectral imaging color enhancement for detection of gastric neoplasm: a preliminary study. J Gastrointest Cancer 2013; 44: 325-328
• 239 Vennalaganti P. et al. Discordance Among Pathologists in the United States and Europe in Diagnosis of Low-Grade Dysplasia for Patients With Barrett’s Esophagus. Gastroenterology 2017; 152: 564-570 e4
• 240 Jeon HK. et al. A randomized trial to determine the diagnostic accuracy of conventional vs. jumbo forceps biopsy of gastric epithelial neoplasias before endoscopic submucosal dissection; open-label study. Gastric Cancer 2014; 17: 661-668
• 241 Li Z. et al. Confocal laser endomicroscopy for in vivo detection of gastric intestinal metaplasia: a randomized controlled trial. Endoscopy 2014; 46: 282-290
• 242 Tongtawee T. et al. Improved Detection of Helicobacter pylori Infection and Premalignant Gastric Mucosa Using “Site Specific Biopsy”: a Randomized Control Clinical Trial. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16: 8487-8490
• 243 Evans E. et al. Difficulties in the endoscopic diagnosis of gastric and oesophageal cancer. Aust N Z J Surg 1985; 55: 541-544
• 244 Yalamarthi S. et al. Missed diagnoses in patients with upper gastrointestinal cancers. Endoscopy 2004; 36: 874-879
• 245 Voutilainen ME, Juhola MT. Evaluation of the diagnostic accuracy of gastroscopy to detect gastric tumours: clinicopathological features and prognosis of patients with gastric cancer missed on endoscopy. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 17: 1345-139
• 246 Amin A. et al. Gastric adenocarcinoma missed at endoscopy. J R Coll Surg Edinb 2002; 47: 681-684
• 247 Hosokawa O. et al. Detection of gastric cancer by repeat endoscopy within a short time after negative examination. Endoscopy 2001; 33: 301-305
• 248 Okanobu H. et al. Giant gastric folds: differential diagnosis at US. Radiology 2003; 226: 686-690
• 249 Will U. et al. Value of endosonography in diagnosis of diffusely growing stomach carcinomas. Z Gastroenterol 1998; 36: 151-157
• 250 Chen TK. et al. Endoscopic ultrasonography in the differential diagnosis of giant gastric folds. J Formos Med Assoc 1999; 98: 261-264
• 251 Fujishima H. et al. Scirrhous carcinoma of the stomach versus hypertrophic gastritis: findings at endoscopic US. Radiology 1991; 181: 197-200
• 252 Fujishima H, Chijiiwa Y, Nawata H. Short communication: detection of early scirrhous carcinoma of the stomach by endoscopic ultrasonography. Br J Radiol 1996; 69: 661-664
• 253 Gines A. et al. Endoscopic ultrasonography in patients with large gastric folds at endoscopy and biopsies negative for malignancy: predictors of malignant disease and clinical impact. Am J Gastroenterol 2006; 101: 64-69
• 254 Mendis RE. et al. Large gastric folds: a diagnostic approach using endoscopic ultrasonography. Gastrointest Endosc 1994; 40: 437-441
• 255 Okanobu H. et al. A classification system of echogenicity for gastrointestinal neoplasms. Digestion 2005; 72: 8-12
• 256 Songur Y. et al. Endosonographic evaluation of giant gastric folds. Gastrointest Endosc 1995; 41: 468-474
• 257 Avunduk C. et al. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with large gastric folds: evaluation and follow-up with endoscopic ultrasound before and after antimicrobial therapy. Am J Gastroenterol 1995; 90: 1969-1973
• 258 Caletti G, Fusaroli P, Bocus P. Endoscopic ultrasonography in large gastric folds. Endoscopy 1998; 30 (Suppl. 01) A72-A75
• 259 Lam EC. et al. In patients referred for investigation because computed tomography suggests thickened gastric folds, endoscopic ultrasound is superfluous if gastroscopy is normal. Am J Gastroenterol 2007; 102: 1200-1203
• 260 Aithal GP, Anagnostopoulos GK, Kaye P. EUS-guided Trucut mural biopsies in the investigation of unexplained thickening of the esophagogastric wall. Gastrointest Endosc 2005; 62: 624-629
• 261 Carter JE. et al. Diagnosis of linitis plastica-type gastric adenocarcinoma by endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration: a case report. Acta Cytol 2008; 52: 725-728
• 262 Thomas T. et al. Endoscopic-ultrasound-guided mural trucut biopsy in the investigation of unexplained thickening of esophagogastric wall. Endoscopy 2009; 41: 335-339
• 263 Vander Noot 3rd MR. et al. Diagnosis of gastrointestinal tract lesions by endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy. Cancer 2004; 102: 157-163
• 264 Wiersema MJ. et al. Endosonography-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy: diagnostic accuracy and complication assessment. Gastroenterology 1997; 112: 1087-1095
• 265 Liu YM, Yang XJ. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided cutting of holes and deep biopsy for diagnosis of gastric infiltrative tumors and gastrointestinal submucosal tumors using a novel vertical diathermic loop. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23: 2795-2801
• 266 Zhou XX. et al. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided deep and large biopsy for diagnosis of gastric infiltrating tumors with negative malignant endoscopy biopsies. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21: 3607-3613
• 267 Shan H. et al. Via mucosa incision EUS-guided sampling for the diagnosis of conventional endoscopic biopsy-negative gastric wall thickening. Sci Rep 2017; 7: 15972
• 268 Wittekind C. TNM Klassifikation maligner Tumore. 8.. Auflage Wiley-VCH; 2017
• 269 Oldenburg A, Albrecht T. Baseline and contrast-enhanced ultrasound of the liver in tumor patients. Ultraschall in Med 2008; 29: 488-498
• 270 Wang Z, Chen QJ. Imaging in assessing hepatic and peritoneal metastases of gastric cancer: a systematic review. BMC Gastroenterol 2011; 11: 19
• 271 Kinkel K. et al. Detection of hepatic metastases from cancers of the gastrointestinal tract by using noninvasive imaging methods (US, CT, MR imaging, PET): a meta-analysis. Radiology 2002; 224: 748-756
• 272 Piscaglia F. et al. Real time contrast enhanced ultrasonography in detection of liver metastases from gastrointestinal cancer. BMC Cancer 2007; 7: 171
• 273 Dietrich CF. et al. Assessment of metastatic liver disease in patients with primary extrahepatic tumors by contrast-enhanced sonography versus CT and MRI. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12: 1699-1705
• 274 Albrecht T. et al. Improved detection of hepatic metastases with pulse-inversion US during the liver-specific phase of SHU 508A: multicenter study. Radiology 2003; 227: 361-370
• 275 Guang Y. et al. Diagnosis value of focal liver lesions with SonoVue(R)-enhanced ultrasound compared with contrast-enhanced computed tomography and contrast-enhanced MRI: a meta-analysis. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2011; 137: 1595-1605
• 276 Westwood M. et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound using SonoVue(R) (sulphur hexafluoride microbubbles) compared with contrast-enhanced computed tomography and contrast- enhanced magnetic resonance imaging for the characterisation of focal liver lesions and detection of liver metastases: a systematic review and cost-effectiveness analysis. Health Technol Assess 2013; 17: 1-243
• 277 Claudon M. et al. Guidelines and good clinical practice recommendations for contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in the liver – update 2012: a WFUMB-EFSUMB initiative in cooperation with representatives of AFSUMB, AIUM, ASUM, FLAUS and ICUS. Ultraschall in Med 2013; 34: 11-29
• 278 Strobel D. et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound for the characterization of focal liver lesions – diagnostic accuracy in clinical practice (DEGUM multicenter trial). Ultraschall in Med 2008; 29: 499-505
• 279 Seitz K. et al. Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) for the characterization of focal liver lesions – prospective comparison in clinical practice: CEUS vs. CT (DEGUM multicenter trial). Parts of this manuscript were presented at the Ultrasound Dreilandertreffen 2008, Davos. Ultraschall in Med 2009; 30: 383-389
• 280 Strobel D. et al. Tumor-specific vascularization pattern of liver metastasis, hepatocellular carcinoma, hemangioma and focal nodular hyperplasia in the differential diagnosis of 1,349 liver lesions in contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS). Ultraschall in Med 2009; 30: 376-382
• 281 Bhatia KS, Griffith JF, Ahuja AT. Stomach cancer: prevalence and significance of neck nodal metastases on sonography. Eur Radiol 2009; 19: 1968-1972
• 282 Schreurs LM. et al. Current relevance of cervical ultrasonography in staging cancer of the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction. Eur J Radiol 2008; 67: 105-111
• 283 Van Overhagen H. et al. Improved assessment of supraclavicular and abdominal metastases in oesophageal and gastro-oesophageal junction carcinoma with the combination of ultrasound and computed tomography. Br J Radiol 1993; 66: 203-208
• 284 van Vliet EP. et al. Ultrasound, computed tomography, or the combination for the detection of supraclavicular lymph nodes in patients with esophageal or gastric cardia cancer: a comparative study. J Surg Oncol 2007; 96: 200-206
• 285 Leng XF. et al. Accuracy of ultrasound for the diagnosis of cervical lymph node metastasis in esophageal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Thorac Dis 2016; 8: 2146-2157
• 286 van Overhagen H. et al. Assessment of distant metastases with ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy and cytologic study in carcinoma of the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction. Gastrointest Radiol 1992; 17: 305-310
• 287 van Overhagen H. et al. Supraclavicular lymph node metastases in carcinoma of the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction: assessment with CT, US, and US-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy. Radiology 1991; 179: 155-158
• 288 Omloo JM. et al. Additional value of external ultrasonography of the neck after CT and PET scanning in the preoperative assessment of patients with esophageal cancer. Dig Surg 2009; 26: 43-49
• 289 Kwee RM, Kwee TC. Imaging in local staging of gastric cancer: a systematic review. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25: 2107-2116
• 290 Puli SR. et al. How good is endoscopic ultrasound for TNM staging of gastric cancers? A meta-analysis and systematic review. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14: 4011-4019
• 291 Ahn HS. et al. Diagnostic accuracy of T and N stages with endoscopy, stomach protocol CT, and endoscopic ultrasonography in early gastric cancer. J Surg Oncol 2009; 99: 20-2
• 292 Blackshaw G. et al. Prospective comparison of endosonography, computed tomography, and histopathological stage of junctional oesophagogastric cancer. Clin Radiol 2008; 63: 1092-1098
• 293 Heeren PA. et al. Influence of tumor characteristics on the accuracy of endoscopic ultrasonography in staging cancer of the esophagus and esophagogastric junction. Endoscopy 2004; 36: 966-971
• 294 Kim MM. et al. Clinical benefit of palliative radiation therapy in advanced gastric cancer. Acta Oncol 2008; 47: 421-427
• 295 Hwang SW. et al. Preoperative staging of gastric cancer by endoscopic ultrasonography and multidetector-row computed tomography. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 25: 512-518
• 296 Kwee RM, Kwee TC. Imaging in assessing lymph node status in gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer 2009; 12: 6-22
• 297 Bhutani MS, Hawes RH, Hoffman BJ. A comparison of the accuracy of echo features during endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration for diagnosis of malignant lymph node invasion. Gastrointest Endosc 1997; 45: 474-479
• 298 Catalano MF. et al. Endosonographic features predictive of lymph node metastasis. Gastrointest Endosc 1994; 40: 442-446
• 299 Faige DO. EUS in patients with benign and malignant lymphadenopathy. Gastrointest Endosc 2001; 53: 593-598
• 300 Chen VK, Eloubeidi MA. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration is superior to lymph node echofeatures: a prospective evaluation of mediastinal and peri-intestinal lymphadenopathy. Am J Gastroenterol 2004; 99: 628-633
• 301 Yasuda I. et al. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy for lymphadenopathy of unknown origin. Endoscopy 2006; 38: 919-924
• 302 Hassan H, Vilmann P, Sharma V. Impact of EUS-guided FNA on management of gastric carcinoma. Gastrointest Endosc 2010; 71: 500-504
• 303 DeWitt J. et al. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration of ascites. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 5: 609-615
• 304 Lee YT. et al. Accuracy of endoscopic ultrasonography in diagnosing ascites and predicting peritoneal metastases in gastric cancer patients. Gut 2005; 54: 1541-1545
• 305 Nguyen PT, Chang KJ. EUS in the detection of ascites and EUS-guided paracentesis. Gastrointest Endosc 2001; 54: 336-339
• 306 Chen CH, Yang CC, Yeh YH. Preoperative staging of gastric cancer by endoscopic ultrasound: the prognostic usefulness of ascites detected by endoscopic ultrasound. J Clin Gastroenterol 2002; 35: 321-327
• 307 Sultan J. et al. Endoscopic ultrasonography-detected low-volume ascites as a predictor of inoperability for oesophagogastric cancer. Br J Surg 2008; 95: 1127-1130
• 308 Kaushik N. et al. EUS-guided paracentesis for the diagnosis of malignant ascites. Gastrointest Endosc 2006; 64: 908-913
• 309 Hollerbach S. et al. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy of liver lesions: histological and cytological assessment. Endoscopy 2003; 35: 743-749
• 310 McGrath K. et al. Detection of unsuspected left hepatic lobe metastases during EUS staging of cancer of the esophagus and cardia. Am J Gastroenterol 2006; 101: 1742-1746
• 311 Nguyen P, Feng JC, Chang KJ. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA) of liver lesions. Gastrointest Endosc 1999; 50: 357-361
• 312 Prasad P. et al. Detection of occult liver metastases during EUS for staging of malignancies. Gastrointest Endosc 2004; 59: 49-53
• 313 Singh P. et al. Endoscopic ultrasound versus CT scan for detection of the metastases to the liver: results of a prospective comparative study. J Clin Gastroenterol 2009; 43: 367-373
• 314 tenBerge J. et al. EUS-guided fine needle aspiration of the liver: indications, yield, and safety based on an international survey of 167 cases. Gastrointest Endosc 2002; 55: 859-862
• 315 Agarwal B. et al. Malignant mediastinal lymphadenopathy detected by staging EUS in patients with pancreaticobiliary cancer. Gastrointest Endosc 2005; 61: 849-853
• 316 Fritscher-Ravens A. et al. Mediastinal lymphadenopathy in patients with or without previous malignancy: EUS-FNA-based differential cytodiagnosis in 153 patients. Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 95: 2278-2284
• 317 Mortensen MB. et al. Clinical impact of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy in patients with upper gastrointestinal tract malignancies. A prospective study. Endoscopy 2001; 33: 478-483
• 318 Barbour AP. et al. Endoscopic ultrasound predicts outcomes for patients with adenocarcinoma of the gastroesophageal junction. J Am Coll Surg 2007; 205: 593-601
• 319 Bentrem D. et al. Clinical correlation of endoscopic ultrasonography with pathologic stage and outcome in patients undergoing curative resection for gastric cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2007; 14: 1853-1859
• 320 Power DG. et al. Endoscopic ultrasound can improve the selection for laparoscopy in patients with localized gastric cancer. J Am Coll Surg 2009; 208: 173-178
• 321 Davies AR. et al. The multidisciplinary team meeting improves staging accuracy and treatment selection for gastro-esophageal cancer. Dis Esophagus 2006; 19: 496-503
• 322 Ganpathi IS, So JB, Ho KY. Endoscopic ultrasonography for gastric cancer: does it influence treatment?. Surg Endosc 2006; 20: 559-562
• 323 Meining A. et al. You get what you expect? A critical appraisal of imaging methodology in endosonographic cancer staging. Gut 2002; 50: 599-603
• 324 Jenssen C, Dietrich CF, Burmester E. Malignant neoplasias of the gastrointestinal tract-endosonographic staging revisited. Z Gastroenterol 2011; 49: 357-368
• 325 Denzer U. et al. S2k guideline: quality requirements for gastrointestinal endoscopy, AWMF registry no. 021–022. Z Gastroenterol 2015; 53: 1496-1530
• 326 Mocellin S, Pasquali S. Diagnostic accuracy of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) for the preoperative locoregional staging of primary gastric cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015: CD009944
• 327 Pei Q. et al. Endoscopic ultrasonography for staging depth of invasion in early gastric cancer: A meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 30: 1566-1573
• 328 Nie RC. et al. Endoscopic ultrasonography compared with multidetector computed tomography for the preoperative staging of gastric cancer: a meta-analysis. World J Surg Oncol 2017; 15: 113
• 329 Giganti F. et al. Preoperative locoregional staging of gastric cancer: is there a place for magnetic resonance imaging? Prospective comparison with EUS and multidetector computed tomography. Gastric Cancer 2016; 19: 216-225
• 330 Kim JH. et al. Clinicopathologic factors influence accurate endosonographic assessment for early gastric cancer. Gastrointest Endosc 2007; 66: 901-908
• 331 Gleeson FC. et al. False positive endoscopic ultrasound fine needle aspiration cytology: incidence and risk factors. Gut 2010; 59: 586-593
• 332 Levy MJ. et al. Prospective cytological assessment of gastrointestinal luminal fluid acquired during EUS: a potential source of false-positive FNA and needle tract seeding. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105: 1311-1318
• 333 Jenssen C. et al. EFSUMB Guidelines on Interventional Ultrasound (INVUS), Part IV – EUS- guided interventions: General Aspects and EUS-guided Sampling (Short Version). Ultraschall in Med 2016; 37: 157-169
• 334 Jenssen C. et al. EFSUMB Guidelines on Interventional Ultrasound (INVUS), Part IV – EUS- guided Interventions: General aspects and EUS-guided sampling (Long Version). Ultraschall in Med 2016; 37: E33-E76
• 335 Dumonceau JM. et al. Indications, results, and clinical impact of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided sampling in gastroenterology: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Clinical Guideline – Updated January 2017. Endoscopy 2017; 49: 695-714
• 336 Lee JH, Han HS, Lee JH. A prospective randomized study comparing open vs laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy in early gastric cancer: early results. Surg Endosc 2005; 19: 168-173
• 337 Levy MJ. et al. Detection of peritoneal carcinomatosis by EUS fine-needle aspiration: impact on staging and resectability (with videos). Gastrointest Endosc 2015; 81: 1215-1224
• 338 Rana SS. et al. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration of peritoneal nodules in patients with ascites of unknown cause. Endoscopy 2011; 43: 1010-1013
• 339 DeWitt J. et al. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration cytology of solid liver lesions: a large single-center experience. Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98: 1976-1981
• 340 Fujii-Lau LL. et al. EUS-derived criteria for distinguishing benign from malignant metastatic solid hepatic masses. Gastrointest Endosc 2015; 81: 1188-1196 e1-e7
• 341 Lee YN. et al. Usefulness of endoscopic ultrasound-guided sampling using core biopsy needle as a percutaneous biopsy rescue for diagnosis of solid liver mass: Combined histological-cytological analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 30: 1161-1166
• 342 Jurgensen C. et al. Prognostic relevance of gastric cancer staging by endoscopic ultrasound. Surg Endosc 2013; 27: 1124-1129
• 343 Merkow RP. et al. Endoscopic Ultrasound as a Pretreatment Clinical Staging Tool for Gastric Cancer: Association with Pathology and Outcome. Ann Surg Oncol 2017; 24: 3658-3666
• 344 van Vliet EP. et al. Staging of esophageal carcinoma in a low-volume EUS center compared with reported results from high-volume centers. Gastrointest Endosc 2006; 63: 938-947
• 345 Laghi A. et al. Diagnostic performance of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging for detecting peritoneal metastases: systematic review and meta-analysis. Radiol Med 2017; 122: 1-15
• 346 Anzidei M. et al. Diagnostic performance of 64-MDCT and 1.5-T MRI with high-resolution sequences in the T staging of gastric cancer: a comparative analysis with histopathology. Radiol Med 2009; 114: 1065-1079
• 347 Giganti F. et al. Response to chemotherapy in gastric adenocarcinoma with diffusion- weighted MRI and (18) F-FDG-PET/CT: correlation of apparent diffusion coefficient and partial volume corrected standardized uptake value with histological tumor regression grade. J Magn Reson Imaging 2014; 40: 1147-1157
• 348 Kang BC. et al. Value of the dynamic and delayed MR sequence with Gd-DTPA in the T- staging of stomach cancer: correlation with the histopathology. Abdom Imaging 2000; 25: 14-24
• 349 Sohn KM. et al. Comparing MR imaging and CT in the staging of gastric carcinoma. Am J Roentgenol 2000; 174: 1551-1557
• 350 Kim AY. et al. MRI in staging advanced gastric cancer: is it useful compared with spiral CT?. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2000; 24: 389-394
• 351 Allum WH. et al. Guidelines for the management of oesophageal and gastric cancer. Gut 2011; 60: 1449-1472
• 352 Lerut T, Stordeur S, Verleye L. et al. Update of the national guideline on upper gastrointestinal cancer – Appendix. Good Clinical Practice (GCP). Brussels: Belgian Health Care Knowlegde Centre (KCE); 2012 KCE Report 179S. D/2012/10.273/35. http://kce.fgov.be/content/about-copyrights-for-kce-reports
• 353 Wang C. et al. The Predictive and Prognostic Value of Early Metabolic Response Assessed by Positron Emission Tomography in Advanced Gastric Cancer Treated with Chemotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22: 1603-1610
• 354 Na SJ. et al. Prognostic value of metabolic parameters on preoperative 18F- fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/ computed tomography in patients with stage III gastric cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 7: 63968-63980
• 355 Lehmann K. et al. (18)FDG-PET-CT improves specificity of preoperative lymph-node staging in patients with intestinal but not diffuse-type esophagogastric adenocarcinoma. Eur J Surg Oncol 2017; 43: 196-202
• 356 Li P. et al. Fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography to evaluate recurrent gastric cancer after surgical resection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Nucl Med 2016; 30: 179-187
• 357 Zou H, Zhao Y. 18FDG PET-CT for detecting gastric cancer recurrence after surgical resection: a meta-analysis. Surg Oncol 2013; 22: 162-166
• 358 Ramos RF. et al. Staging laparoscopy in gastric cancer to detect peritoneal metastases: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Surg Oncol 2016; 42: 1315-1321
• 359 Cotte E. et al. Lack of prognostic significance of conventional peritoneal cytology in colorectal and gastric cancers: results of EVOCAPE 2 multicentre prospective study. Eur J Surg Oncol 2013; 39: 707-714
• 360 Tamura S. et al. Prognostic information derived from RT-PCR analysis of peritoneal fluid in gastric cancer patients: results from a prospective multicenter clinical trial. J Surg Oncol 2014; 109: 75-80
• 361 Burbidge S, Mahady K, Naik K. The role of CT and staging laparoscopy in the staging of gastric cancer. Clin Radiol 2013; 68: 251-255
• 362 Glehen O. et al. Peritoneal carcinomatosis from gastric cancer: a multi-institutional study of 159 patients treated by cytoreductive surgery combined with perioperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy. Ann Surg Oncol 2010; 17: 2370-2377
• 363 Harmon RL, Sugarbaker PH. Prognostic indicators in peritoneal carcinomatosis from gastrointestinal cancer. Int Semin Surg Oncol 2005; 2: 3
• 364 Jacquet P, Sugarbaker PH. Clinical research methodologies in diagnosis and staging of patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis. Cancer Treat Res 1996; 82: 359-374
• 365 Jamel S. et al. Prognostic significance of peritoneal lavage cytology in staging gastric cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastric Cancer 2018; 21: 10-18
• 366 Convie L. et al. The current role of staging laparoscopy in oesophagogastric cancer. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2015; 97: 146-150
• 367 Simon M. et al. Accuracy of staging laparoscopy in detecting peritoneal dissemination in patients with gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma. Dis Esophagus 2016; 29: 236-240
• 368 Higaki E. et al. Intraoperative peritoneal lavage cytology offers prognostic significance for gastric cancer patients with curative resection. Cancer Sci 2017; 108: 978-986
• 369 Liu L. et al. Prognostic value of vascular endothelial growth factor expression in resected gastric cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2012; 13: 3089-3097
• 370 Zhang CT. et al. Prognostic value of Muc5AC in gastric cancer: A meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21: 10453-10460
• 371 Ji K. et al. Prognostic Value and Clinicopathological Significance of p-stat3 Among Gastric Carcinoma Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95: e2641
• 372 Kanetaka K. et al. Clinical significance of carcinoembryonic antigen in peritoneal lavage from patients with gastric cancer. Surgery 2013; 154: 563-572
• 373 Di Bartolomeo M. et al. Osteopontin, E-cadherin, and beta-catenin expression as prognostic biomarkers in patients with radically resected gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer 2016; 19: 412-420
• 374 Fristedt R. et al. Prognostic impact of tumour-associated B cells and plasma cells in oesophageal and gastric adenocarcinoma. J Gastrointest Oncol 2016; 7: 848-859
• 375 Jagadesham VP. et al. Systemic inflammatory markers and outcome in patients with locally advanced adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus and gastro-oesophageal junction. Br J Surg 2017; 104: 401-407
• 376 Kawazoe A. et al. Clinicopathological features of programmed death ligand 1 expression with tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte, mismatch repair, and Epstein-Barr virus status in a large cohort of gastric cancer patients. Gastric Cancer 2017; 20: 407-415
• 377 Schlosser HA. et al. Immune checkpoints programmed death 1 ligand 1 and cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated molecule 4 in gastric adenocarcinoma. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5: e1100789
• 378 Boger C. et al. PD-L1 is an independent prognostic predictor in gastric cancer of Western patients. Oncotarget 2016; 7: 24269-24283
• 379 Yan P. et al. High monocarboxylate transporter 4 protein expression in stromal cells predicts adverse survival in gastric cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15: 8923-8929
• 380 Zhang J. et al. Prognostic significance of plasma chemerin levels in patients with gastric cancer. Peptides 2014; 61: 7-11
• 381 Deng Q. et al. Prognostic value of ERCC1 mRNA expression in non-small cell lung cancer, breast cancer, and gastric cancer in patients from Southern China. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2014; 7: 8312-8321
• 382 Mu YP. et al. Association of miR-193b down-regulation and miR-196a up-regulation with clinicopathological features and prognosis in gastric cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15: 8893-8900
• 383 Jiang W. et al. High co-expression of Sp1 and HER-2 is correlated with poor prognosis of gastric cancer patients. Surg Oncol 2015; 24: 220-225
• 384 Johansen JS. et al. Elevated plasma YKL-40 predicts increased risk of gastrointestinal cancer and decreased survival after any cancer diagnosis in the general population. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27: 572-578
• 385 Probst A. et al. Endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastric cancer: are expanded resection criteria safe for Western patients?. Endoscopy 2017; 49: 855-865
• 386 Gotoda T, Jung HY. Endoscopic resection (endoscopic mucosal resection/endoscopic submucosal dissection) for early gastric cancer. Dig Endosc 2013; 25 (Suppl. 01) 55-63
• 387 Pimentel-Nunes P. et al. Endoscopic submucosal dissection: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline. Endoscopy 2015; 47: 829-854
• 388 Song WC, Qiao XL, Gao XZ. A comparison of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) and radical surgery for early gastric cancer: a retrospective study. World J Surg Oncol 2015; 13: 309
• 389 Park YM. et al. The effectiveness and safety of endoscopic submucosal dissection compared with endoscopic mucosal resection for early gastric cancer: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Surg Endosc 2011; 25: 2666-2677
• 390 Facciorusso A. et al. Endoscopic submucosal dissection vs endoscopic mucosal resection for early gastric cancer: A meta-analysis. World J Gastrointest Endosc 2014; 6: 555-563
• 391 Soetikno R. et al. Endoscopic mucosal resection for early cancers of the upper gastrointestinal tract. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23: 4490-4498
• 392 Gotoda T. et al. Incidence of lymph node metastasis from early gastric cancer: estimation with a large number of cases at two large centers. Gastric Cancer 2000; 3: 219-225
• 393 Hirasawa T. et al. Incidence of lymph node metastasis and the feasibility of endoscopic resection for undifferentiated-type early gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer 2009; 12: 148-152
• 394 Yamao T. et al. Risk factors for lymph node metastasis from intramucosal gastric carcinoma. Cancer 1996; 77: 602-606
• 395 Folli S. et al. Risk factors for lymph node metastases and their prognostic significance in early gastric cancer (EGC) for the Italian Research Group for Gastric Cancer (IRGGC). Jpn J Clin Oncol 2001; 31: 495-499
• 396 Abdelfatah MM. et al. The incidence of lymph node metastasis in early gastric cancer according to the expanded criteria in comparison with the absolute criteria of the Japanese Gastric Cancer Association: a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis. Gastrointest Endosc 2017;
• 397 Labianca R. et al. Early colon cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol 2013; 24 (Suppl. 06) vi64-vi72
• 398 Isomoto H. et al. Endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastric cancer: a large-scale feasibility study. Gut 2009; 58: 331-336
• 399 Yamaguchi N. et al. Clinical outcomes of endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastric cancer by indication criteria. Digestion 2009; 80: 173-181
• 400 Hitomi G. et al. Endoscopic submucosal dissection in 100 lesions with early gastric carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology 2009; 56: 254-260
• 401 Gotoda T. et al. Endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer treated by guideline and expanded National Cancer Centre criteria. Br J Surg 2010; 97: 868-871
• 402 Ahn JY. et al. Endoscopic and oncologic outcomes after endoscopic resection for early gastric cancer: 1370 cases of absolute and extended indications. Gastrointest Endosc 2011; 74: 485-493
• 403 Park CH. et al. Long-term outcome of early gastric cancer after endoscopic submucosal dissection: expanded indication is comparable to absolute indication. Dig Liver Dis 2013; 45: 651-656
• 404 Association J.G.C. Japanese gastric cancer treatment guidelines 2010 (ver. 3). Gastric Cancer 2011; 14: 113-123
• 405 Ono H. et al. Guidelines for endoscopic submucosal dissection and endoscopic mucosal resection for early gastric cancer. Dig Endosc 2016; 28: 3-15
• 406 Chiu PW. et al. Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) compared with gastrectomy for treatment of early gastric neoplasia: a retrospective cohort study. Surg Endosc 2012; 26: 3584-3591
• 407 Choi JH. et al. Comparison of quality of life and worry of cancer recurrence between endoscopic and surgical treatment for early gastric cancer. Gastrointest Endosc 2015; 82: 299-307
• 408 Kim SG. et al. Quality of Life after Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection for Early Gastric Cancer: A Prospective Multicenter Cohort Study. Gut Liver 2017; 11: 87-92
• 409 Seung-Young O, Kyung-Goo L, Yun-Suhk S. et al. Lymph Node Metastasis in Mucosal Gastric Cancer. Reappraisal of Expanded Indication of Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection. Ann Surg 2017; 265: 137-142
• 410 Pyo JH. et al. Clinicopathological Features and Prognosis of Mixed-Type T1a Gastric Cancer Based on Lauren’s Classification. Ann Surg Oncol 2016; 23 (Suppl. 05) 784-791
• 411 Manner H. et al. Long-term results of endoscopic resection in early gastric cancer: the Western experience. Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 104: 566-573
• 412 Lian J. et al. A meta-analysis of endoscopic submucosal dissection and EMR for early gastric cancer. Gastrointest Endosc 2012; 76: 763-770
• 413 Ahn JY. et al. Natural course of noncurative endoscopic resection of differentiated early gastric cancer. Endoscopy 2012; 44: 1114-1120
• 414 Yokoi C. et al. Endoscopic submucosal dissection allows curative resection of locally recurrent early gastric cancer after prior endoscopic mucosal resection. Gastrointest Endosc 2006; 64: 212-218
• 415 Oda I. et al. Treatment strategy after non-curative endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer. Br J Surg 2008; 95: 1495-1500
• 416 Nagano H. et al. Indications for gastrectomy after incomplete EMR for early gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer 2005; 8: 149-154
• 417 Tanabe S. et al. Long-term outcomes of endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastric cancer: a retrospective comparison with conventional endoscopic resection in a single center. Gastric Cancer 2014; 17: 130-136
• 418 Pimentel-Nunes P. et al. Long-term follow-up after endoscopic resection of gastric superficial neoplastic lesions in Portugal. Endoscopy 2014; 46: 933-940
• 419 Tanaka S. et al. Endoscopic submucosal dissection for colorectal neoplasia: possibility of standardization. Gastrointest Endosc 2007; 66: 100-107
• 420 Yamamoto S. et al. Endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastric cancer performed by supervised residents: assessment of feasibility and learning curve. Endoscopy 2009; 41: 923-928
• 421 Probst A. et al. Endoscopic submucosal dissection of early cancers, flat adenomas, and submucosal tumors in the gastrointestinal tract. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 7: 149-155
• 422 Song KY. et al. The role of surgery in the treatment of recurrent gastric cancer. Am J Surg 2008; 196: 19-22
• 423 Ishikawa S. et al. Indications for EMR/ESD in cases of early gastric cancer: relationship between histological type, depth of wall invasion, and lymph node metastasis. Gastric Cancer 2007; 10: 35-38
• 424 Chung IK. et al. Therapeutic outcomes in 1000 cases of endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastric neoplasms: Korean ESD Study Group multicenter study. Gastrointest Endosc 2009; 69: 1228-1235
• 425 Abe N. et al. Multicenter study of the long-term outcomes of endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastric cancer in patients 80 years of age or older. Gastric Cancer 2012; 15: 70-75
• 426 Gotoda T, Yamamoto H, Soetikno RM. Endoscopic submucosal dissection of early gastric cancer. J Gastroenterol 2006; 41: 929-942
• 427 Lee DW, Jeon SW. Management of Complications during Gastric Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection. Diagn Ther Endosc 2012; 2012: 624835
• 428 Ikehara H. et al. Gastric perforation during endoscopic resection for gastric carcinoma and the risk of peritoneal dissemination. Br J Surg 2007; 94: 992-995
• 429 Uedo N. et al. Effect of a proton pump inhibitor or an H2-receptor antagonist on prevention of bleeding from ulcer after endoscopic submucosal dissection of early gastric cancer: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Am J Gastroenterol 2007; 102: 1610-1616
• 430 Yamaguchi Y. et al. A prospective randomized trial of either famotidine or omeprazole for the prevention of bleeding after endoscopic mucosal resection and the healing of endoscopic mucosal resection-induced ulceration. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2005; 21 (Suppl. 02) 111-115
• 431 Watanabe Y. et al. Safer endoscopic gastric mucosal resection: preoperative proton pump inhibitor administration. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 21: 1675-1680
• 432 Ono S. et al. Effects of preoperative administration of omeprazole on bleeding after endoscopic submucosal dissection: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Endoscopy 2009; 41: 299-303
• 433 Jeong HK. et al. A prospective randomized trial of either famotidine or pantoprazole for the prevention of bleeding after endoscopic submucosal dissection. J Korean Med Sci 2007; 22: 1055-1059
• 434 Ye BD. et al. Omeprazole may be superior to famotidine in the management of iatrogenic ulcer after endoscopic mucosal resection: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006; 24: 837-843
• 435 Gakkai Z. Endoscopic resection for early gastric cancer – JGCA gastric cancer treatment guidelines and indications for endoscopic resection. Nippon Shokakibyo Gakkai Zasshi 2008; 105: 344-350
• 436 Choi MK. et al. Long-term outcomes of endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastric cancer: a single-center experience. Surg Endosc 2013; 27: 4250-4258
• 437 Kosaka T. et al. Long-term outcomes of endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastric cancer: a single-center retrospective study. Dig Endosc 2014; 26: 183-191
• 438 Kato M. et al. Scheduled endoscopic surveillance controls secondary cancer after curative endoscopic resection for early gastric cancer: a multicentre retrospective cohort study by Osaka University ESD study group. Gut 2013; 62: 1425-1432
• 439 Mitsuhashi T. et al. Post-gastric endoscopic mucosal resection surveillance biopsies: evaluation of mucosal changes and recognition of potential mimics of residual adenocarcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2006; 30: 650-656
• 440 Horiki N. et al. Risk for local recurrence of early gastric cancer treated with piecemeal endoscopic mucosal resection during a 10-year follow-up period. Surg Endosc 2012; 26: 72-78
• 441 Yoon H. et al. Risk factors of residual or recurrent tumor in patients with a tumor-positive resection margin after endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer. Surg Endosc 2013; 27: 1561-1568
• 442 Best LM, Mughal M, Gurusamy KS. Laparoscopic versus open gastrectomy for gastric cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 3: CD011389
• 443 Cui M. et al. A prospective randomized clinical trial comparing D2 dissection in laparoscopic and open gastrectomy for gastric cancer. Med Oncol 2015; 32: 241
• 444 Hu Y. et al. Morbidity and Mortality of Laparoscopic Versus Open D2 Distal Gastrectomy for Advanced Gastric Cancer: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Clin Oncol 2016; 34: 1350-1357
• 445 Park YK. et al. Laparoscopy-Assisted versus Open D2 Distal Gastrectomy for Advanced Gastric Cancer: Results from a Randomized Phase II Multicenter Clinical Trial (COACT 1001). Ann Surg 2017 https://insights.ovid.com/crossref?an=00000658-201804000-00009
• 446 Kitano S. et al. A randomized controlled trial comparing open vs laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy for the treatment of early gastric cancer: an interim report. Surgery 2002; 131: S306-S311
• 447 Hayashi H. et al. Prospective randomized study of open versus laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy with extraperigastric lymph node dissection for early gastric cancer. Surg Endosc 2005; 19: 1172-1176
• 448 Kim YW. et al. Improved quality of life outcomes after laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy for early gastric cancer: results of a prospective randomized clinical trial. Ann Surg 2008; 248: 721-727
• 449 Sakuramoto S. et al. Laparoscopy versus open distal gastrectomy by expert surgeons for early gastric cancer in Japanese patients: short-term clinical outcomes of a randomized clinical trial. Surg Endosc 2013; 27: 1695-1705
• 450 Takiguchi S. et al. Laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy versus open distal gastrectomy. A prospective randomized single-blind study. World J Surg 2013; 37: 2379-2386
• 451 Hosono S. et al. Meta-analysis of short-term outcomes after laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12: 7676-7683
• 452 Memon MA. et al. Meta-analysis of laparoscopic and open distal gastrectomy for gastric carcinoma. Surg Endosc 2008; 22: 1781-1789
• 453 Chen XZ. et al. Short-term evaluation of laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy for predictive early gastric cancer: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 2009; 19: 277-284
• 454 Yakoub D. et al. Laparoscopic assisted distal gastrectomy for early gastric cancer: is it an alternative to the open approach?. Surg Oncol 2009; 18: 322-333
• 455 Vinuela EF. et al. Laparoscopic versus open distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer: a meta- analysis of randomized controlled trials and high-quality nonrandomized studies. Ann Surg 2012; 255: 446-456
• 456 Zeng YK. et al. Laparoscopy-assisted versus open distal gastrectomy for early gastric cancer: evidence from randomized and nonrandomized clinical trials. Ann Surg 2012; 256: 39-52
• 457 Deng Y, Zhang Y, Guo TK. Laparoscopy-assisted versus open distal gastrectomy for early gastric cancer: A meta-analysis based on seven randomized controlled trials. Surg Oncol 2015; 24: 71-77
• 458 Kim YW. et al. Long-term outcomes of laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy for early gastric cancer: result of a randomized controlled trial (COACT 0301). Surg Endosc 2013; 27: 4267-4276
• 459 Lee JH, Yom CK, Han HS. Comparison of long-term outcomes of laparoscopy-assisted and open distal gastrectomy for early gastric cancer. Surg Endosc 2009; 23: 1759-1763
• 460 Shinohara T. et al. Laparoscopic versus open D2 gastrectomy for advanced gastric cancer: a retrospective cohort study. Surg Endosc 2013; 27: 286-294
• 461 Zou ZH. et al. Laparoscopic vs open D2 gastrectomy for locally advanced gastric cancer: a meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20: 16750-16764
• 462 Huscher CG. et al. Laparoscopic versus open subtotal gastrectomy for distal gastric cancer: five-year results of a randomized prospective trial. Ann Surg 2005; 241: 232-237
• 463 Edge SB, Compton CC. The American Joint Committee on Cancer: the 7th edition of the AJCC cancer staging manual and the future of TNM. Ann Surg Oncol 2010; 17: 1471-1474
• 464 Hornig D, H.P., Gall FP. The Significance of the Extent of Proximal Margins of Clearance in Gastric Cancer Surgery. Scnad J Gastroenterol 1987; 1987: 69-71
• 465 Hermanek P. pTNM and residual tumor classifications: problems of assessment and prognostic significance. World J Surg 1995; 19: 184-190
• 466 Postlewait LM. et al. The importance of the proximal resection margin distance for proximal gastric adenocarcinoma: A multi-institutional study of the US Gastric Cancer Collaborative. J Surg Oncol 2015; 112: 203-207
• 467 Squires 3rd MH. et al. Is it time to abandon the 5-cm margin rule during resection of distal gastric adenocarcinoma? A multi-institution study of the U.S. Gastric Cancer Collaborative. Ann Surg Oncol 2015; 22: 1243-1251
• 468 Squires 3rd MH. et al. Utility of the proximal margin frozen section for resection of gastric adenocarcinoma: a 7-Institution Study of the US Gastric Cancer Collaborative. Ann Surg Oncol 2014; 21: 4202-4210
• 469 Kim MG. et al. The distance of proximal resection margin dose not significantly influence on the prognosis of gastric cancer patients after curative resection. Ann Surg Treat Res 2014; 87: 223-231
• 470 Bozzetti F. et al. Total versus subtotal gastrectomy: surgical morbidity and mortality rates in a multicenter Italian randomized trial. The Italian Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group. Ann Surg 1997; 226: 613-620
• 471 Mine S. et al. Proximal margin length with transhiatal gastrectomy for Siewert type II and III adenocarcinomas of the oesophagogastric junction. Br J Surg 2013; 100: 1050-1054
• 472 Ajani JA. et al. Gastric Cancer, Version 3.2016, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2016; 14: 1286-1312
• 473 SIGN, Management of esophageal and gastric Cancer. SIGN clinical practice guidelines; 2006: 87
• 474 Lee JH. et al. Clinical impact of tumor infiltration at the transected surgical margin during gastric cancer surgery. J Surg Oncol 2012; 106: 772-776
• 475 Woo JW. et al. Prognostic impact of microscopic tumor involved resection margin in advanced gastric cancer patients after gastric resection. World J Surg 2014; 38: 439-446
• 476 Liang Y. et al. Prognostic value of surgical margin status in gastric cancer patients. ANZ J Surg 2015; 85: 678-684
• 477 Pasquer A. et al. Is Centralization Needed for Esophageal and Gastric Cancer Patients With Low Operative Risk?: A Nationwide Study. Ann Surg 2016; 264: 823-830
• 478 Halm EA, Lee C, Chassin MR. Is volume related to outcome in health care? A systematic review and methodologic critique of the literature. Ann Intern Med 2002; 137: 511-520
• 479 Killeen SD. et al. Provider volume and outcomes for oncological procedures. Br J Surg 2005; 92: 389-402
• 480 Meyer HJ. The influence of case load and the extent of resection on the quality of treatment outcome in gastric cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol 2005; 31: 595-604
• 481 Callahan MA. et al. Influence of surgical subspecialty training on in-hospital mortality for gastrectomy and colectomy patients. Ann Surg 2003; 238: 629-636 ; discussion 636–639
• 482 Damhuis RA. et al. Hospital volume and post-operative mortality after resection for gastric cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol 2002; 28: 401-405
• 483 Lehnert T, Buhl K. Techniques of reconstruction after total gastrectomy for cancer. Br J Surg 2004; 91: 528-539
• 484 Syn NL. et al. Pouch Versus No Pouch Following Total gastrectomy: Meta-analysis of Randomized and Non-randomized Studies. Ann Surg 2018 https://insights.ovid.com/crossref?an=00000658-201906000-00008
• 485 Chen W. et al. Jejunal pouch reconstruction after total gastrectomy is associated with better short-term absorption capacity and quality of life in early-stage gastric cancer patients. BMC Surg 2018; 18: 63
• 486 Sasako M. et al. Left thoracoabdominal approach versus abdominal-transhiatal approach for gastric cancer of the cardia or subcardia: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 2006; 7: 644-651
• 487 Fuchs H. et al. Long-term quality of life after surgery for adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction: extended gastrectomy or transthoracic esophagectomy?. Gastric Cancer 2016; 19: 312-317
• 488 Biere SS. et al. Minimally invasive versus open oesophagectomy for patients with oesophageal cancer: a multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2012; 379: 1887-1892
• 489 (AB), A.H.S.E. Gastric cancer, clinical practice guideline GI-008 [Internet]. Available from: http://www.albertahealthservices.ca/hp/if-hp-cancer-guide-gi008-gastric.pdf , Accessed 2017 Feb 10
• 490 Waddell T. et al. Gastric cancer: ESMO-ESSO-ESTRO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol 2013; 24 (Suppl. 06) vi57-vi63
• 491 Siewert JR. et al. Relevant prognostic factors in gastric cancer: ten-year results of the German Gastric Cancer Study. Ann Surg 1998; 228: 449-461
• 492 Wagner PK. et al. Lymph node counts in the upper abdomen: anatomical basis for lymphadenectomy in gastric cancer. Br J Surg 1991; 78: 825-827
• 493 Edwards P. et al. Prospective comparison of D1 vs modified D2 gastrectomy for carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2004; 90: 1888-1892
• 494 Degiuli M. et al. Survival results of a multicentre phase II study to evaluate D2 gastrectomy for gastric cancer. Br J Cancer 2004; 90: 1727-1732
• 495 Bonenkamp JJ. et al. Extended lymph-node dissection for gastric cancer. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 908-914
• 496 Cuschieri A. et al. Patient survival after D1 and D2 resections for gastric cancer: long-term results of the MRC randomized surgical trial. Surgical Co-operative Group. Br J Cancer 1999; 79: 1522-1530
• 497 Hartgrink HH. et al. Extended lymph node dissection for gastric cancer: who may benefit? Final results of the randomized Dutch gastric cancer group trial. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22: 2069-2077
• 498 Hartgrink HH, van de Velde CJ. Status of extended lymph node dissection: locoregional control is the only way to survive gastric cancer. J Surg Oncol 2005; 90: 153-165
• 499 Songun I. et al. Surgical treatment of gastric cancer: 15-year follow-up results of the randomised nationwide Dutch D1D2 trial. Lancet Oncol 2010; 11: 439-449
• 500 McCulloch P. et al. Extended versus limited lymph nodes dissection technique for adenocarcinoma of the stomach. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004: CD001964
• 501 Coburn N. et al. Staging and surgical approaches in gastric cancer: A systematic review. Cancer Treat Rev 2018; 63: 104-115
• 502 Siewert JR, R.M., Schumpelick V. Praxis der Viszeralchirurgie. Onkologische Chirurgie 2010 3 Auflage. Abb.40.12
• 503 Fujitani K. et al. Gastrectomy plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for advanced gastric cancer with a single non-curable factor (REGATTA): a phase 3, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 2016; 17: 309-318
• 504 Lasithiotakis K. et al. Gastrectomy for stage IV gastric cancer. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Anticancer Res 2014; 34: 2079-2085
• 505 Sun J. et al. Clinical significance of palliative gastrectomy on the survival of patients with incurable advanced gastric cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cancer 2013; 13: 577
• 506 Al-Batran SE. et al. Effect of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Followed by Surgical Resection on Survival in Patients With Limited Metastatic Gastric or Gastroesophageal Junction Cancer: The AIO-FLOT3 Trial. JAMA Oncol 2017; 3: 1237-1244
• 507 Miki K. et al. Long-term results of gastric cancer screening using the serum pepsinogen test method among an asymptomatic middle-aged Japanese population. Dig Endosc 2009; 21: 78-81
• 508 Al-Batran SE. et al. The RENAISSANCE (AIO-FLOT5) trial: effect of chemotherapy alone vs. chemotherapy followed by surgical resection on survival and quality of life in patients with limited-metastatic adenocarcinoma of the stomach or esophagogastric junction – a phase III trial of the German AIO/CAO-V/CAOGI. BMC Cancer 2017; 17: 893
• 509 Stiekema J. et al. The prognostic significance of an R1 resection in gastric cancer patients treated with adjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Ann Surg Oncol 2014; 21: 1107-1114
• 510 Gertler R. et al. What to do after R1-resection of adenocarcinomas of the esophagogastric junction?. J Surg Oncol 2016; 114: 428-433
• 511 Aurello P. et al. Surgical management of microscopic positive resection margin after gastrectomy for gastric cancer: a systematic review of gastric R1 management. Anticancer Res 2014; 34: 6283-6288
• 512 Lordick F. et al. R1 resection in the surgery of upper gastrointestinal tumors: relevance and therapeutic consequences. Chirurg 2007; 78: 792-801
• 513 Bissolati M. et al. Risk factor analysis for involvement of resection margins in gastric and esophagogastric junction cancer: an Italian multicenter study. Gastric Cancer 2017; 20: 70-82
• 514 Raziee HR. et al. Systematic review of the predictors of positive margins in gastric cancer surgery and the effect on survival. Gastric Cancer 2012; 15 (Suppl. 01) S116-S124
• 515 Stiekema J. et al. Does adjuvant chemoradiotherapy improve the prognosis of gastric cancer after an r1 resection? Results from a dutch cohort study. Ann Surg Oncol 2015; 22: 581-588
• 516 Ho VKY. et al. Adjuvant Chemoradiotherapy for Non-Pretreated Gastric Cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2017; 24: 3647-3657
• 517 Henning GT. et al. Results of irradiation or chemoirradiation for primary unresectable, locally recurrent, or grossly incomplete resection of gastric adenocarcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000; 46: 109-118
• 518 Kim ER. et al. Effect of rescue surgery after non-curative endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer. Br J Surg 2015; 102: 1394-101
• 519 Bali C. et al. Is there a role for surgery in recurrent gastric cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2009; 16: 1074-1075 ; author reply 1076
• 520 Badgwell B. et al. Attempted salvage resection for recurrent gastric or gastroesophageal cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2009; 16: 42-50
• 521 de Liano AD. et al. Surgical treatment of recurrent gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer 2008; 11: 10-14
• 522 Sjoquist KM. et al. Survival after neoadjuvant chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy for resectable oesophageal carcinoma: an updated meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol 2011; 12: 681-692
• 523 Gebski V. et al. Survival benefits from neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy or chemotherapy in oesophageal carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol 2007; 8: 226-234
• 524 Kim MM. et al. Chemoradiation therapy for potentially resectable gastric cancer: clinical outcomes among patients who do not undergo planned surgery. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008; 71: 167-172
• 525 Zhang ZX. et al. Randomized clinical trial on the combination of preoperative irradiation and surgery in the treatment of adenocarcinoma of gastric cardia (AGC) – report on 370 patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1998; 42: 929-934
• 526 Liu Y. et al. Multicenter Phase 2 Study of Peri-Irradiation Chemotherapy Plus Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy With Concurrent Weekly Docetaxel for Inoperable or Medically Unresectable Nonmetastatic Gastric Cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2017; 98: 1096-1105
• 527 Buergy D. et al. Radiotherapy for tumors of the stomach and gastroesophageal junction – a review of its role in multimodal therapy. Radiat Oncol 2012; 7: 192
• 528 Hawrylewicz L. et al. Protection of organs at risk during neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for gastric cancer based on a comparison between conformal and intensity-modulated radiation therapy. Oncol Lett 2016; 12: 692-698
• 529 Trip AK. et al. IMRT limits nephrotoxicity after chemoradiotherapy for gastric cancer. Radiother Oncol 2014; 112: 289-294
• 530 Wu AJ. et al. Expert Consensus Contouring Guidelines for Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy in Esophageal and Gastroesophageal Junction Cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2015; 92: 911-920
• 531 Cunningham D. et al. Perioperative chemotherapy versus surgery alone for resectable gastroesophageal cancer. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 11-20
• 532 Ychou M. et al. Perioperative chemotherapy compared with surgery alone for resectable gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma: an FNCLCC and FFCD multicenter phase III trial. J Clin Oncol 2011; 29: 1715-1721
• 533 Boige VPJ, Saint-Aubert JB, Lasser P. et al. Final results of a randomized trial comparing preoperative 5-fluorouracil (F)/cisplatin (P) to surgery alone in adenocarcinoma of stomach and lower esophagus. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25: No. 18S
• 534 Al-Batran SE. et al. Histopathological regression after neoadjuvant docetaxel, oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin versus epirubicin, cisplatin, and fluorouracil or capecitabine in patients with resectable gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction adenocarcinoma (FLOT4-AIO): results from the phase 2 part of a multicentre, open-label, randomised phase 2/3 trial. Lancet Oncol 2016; 17: 1697-1708
• 535 Allum WH. et al. Long-term results of a randomized trial of surgery with or without preoperative chemotherapy in esophageal cancer. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27: 5062-5067
• 536 Kelsen DP. et al. Long-term results of RTOG trial 8911 (USA Intergroup 113): a random assignment trial comparison of chemotherapy followed by surgery compared with surgery alone for esophageal cancer. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25: 3719-3725
• 537 Schuhmacher C. et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy compared with surgery alone for locally advanced cancer of the stomach and cardia: European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer randomized trial 40954. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28: 5210-5218
• 538 Kelsen DP. et al. Chemotherapy followed by surgery compared with surgery alone for localized esophageal cancer. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 1979-1984
• 539 Kang YK. et al. Capecitabine/cisplatin versus 5-fluorouracil/cisplatin as first-line therapy in patients with advanced gastric cancer: a randomised phase III noninferiority trial. Ann Oncol 2009; 20: 666-673
• 540 Cunningham D. et al. Capecitabine and oxaliplatin for advanced esophagogastric cancer. N Engl J Med 2008; 358: 36-46
• 541 Okines AF. et al. Meta-analysis of the REAL-2 and ML17032 trials: evaluating capecitabine-based combination chemotherapy and infused 5-fluorouracil-based combination chemotherapy for the treatment of advanced oesophago-gastric cancer. Ann Oncol 2009; 20: 1529-1534
• 542 Al-Batran SE. et al. Phase III trial in metastatic gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma with fluorouracil, leucovorin plus either oxaliplatin or cisplatin: a study of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Internistische Onkologie. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26: 1435-1442
• 543 Schurr PG. et al. Lymphatic spread and microinvolvement in adenocarcinoma of the esophago-gastric junction. J Surg Oncol 2006; 94: 307-315
• 544 Thirion PG, Michiels S, Le Maître A. et al. Individual patient data-based meta-analysis assessing pre-operative chemotherapy in resectable oesophageal carcinoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2007; 25 (Suppl. 18) 4512-4512
• 545 Crehange G. et al. Resectable adenocarcinoma of the oesophagogastric junction care: which perioperative treatment?. Cancer Radiother 2008; 12: 365-373
• 546 Walsh TN. et al. A comparison of multimodal therapy and surgery for esophageal adenocarcinoma. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 462-467
• 547 Al-Batran SE. et al. Perioperative chemotherapy with fluorouracil plus leucovorin, oxaliplatin, and docetaxel versus fluorouracil or capecitabine plus cisplatin and epirubicin for locally advanced, resectable gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction adenocarcinoma (FLOT4): a randomised, phase 2/3 trial. Lancet 2019; 393: 1948-1957
• 548 Urschel JD, Vasan H, Blewett CJ. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials that compared neoadjuvant chemotherapy and surgery to surgery alone for resectable esophageal cancer. Am J Surg 2002; 183: 274-27
• 549 Ronellenfitsch U. et al. Preoperative chemo(radio)therapy versus primary surgery for gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma: systematic review with meta-analysis combining individual patient and aggregate data. Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3149-3158
• 550 Fu T. et al. Neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy for resectable esophago-gastric adenocarcinoma: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. BMC Cancer 2015; 15: 322
• 551 Pasquali S. et al. Survival After Neoadjuvant and Adjuvant Treatments Compared to Surgery Alone for Resectable Esophageal Carcinoma: A Network Meta-analysis. Ann Surg 2017; 265: 481-491
• 552 Wong R, Malthaner R. Combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy (without surgery) compared with radiotherapy alone in localized carcinoma of the esophagus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006: CD002092
• 553 Arnott SJ. et al. Preoperative radiotherapy for esophageal carcinoma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005: CD001799
• 554 Urba SG. et al. Randomized trial of preoperative chemoradiation versus surgery alone in patients with locoregional esophageal carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19: 305-313
• 555 Tepper J. et al. Phase III trial of trimodality therapy with cisplatin, fluorouracil, radiotherapy, and surgery compared with surgery alone for esophageal cancer: CALGB 9781. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26: 1086-1092
• 556 Fiorica F. et al. Preoperative chemoradiotherapy for oesophageal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gut 2004; 53: 925-930
• 557 Geh JI. et al. Systematic overview of preoperative (neoadjuvant) chemoradiotherapy trials in oesophageal cancer: evidence of a radiation and chemotherapy dose response. Radiother Oncol 2006; 78: 236-244
• 558 Malthaner RA. et al. Neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy for resectable esophageal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med 2004; 2: 35
• 559 Urschel JD, Vasan H. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials that compared neoadjuvant chemoradiation and surgery to surgery alone for resectable esophageal cancer. Am J Surg 2003; 185: 538-543
• 560 Stuschke M, Sarbia M. Neoadjuvante Radiochemotherapie und Responseprädiktion. Der Onkologe 2004 . https://www.springermedizin.de/neoadjuvante-radiochemotherapie-und-responsepraediktion/8662172
• 561 Kumagai K. et al. Survival benefit and additional value of preoperative chemoradiotherapy in resectable gastric and gastro-oesophageal junction cancer: a direct and adjusted indirect comparison meta-analysis. Eur J Surg Oncol 2015; 41: 282-294
• 562 Walsh TN. et al. A comparison of multimodal therapy and surgery for esophageal adenocarcinoma. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 462-467
• 563 Nygaard K. et al. Pre-operative radiotherapy prolongs survival in operable esophageal carcinoma: a randomized, multicenter study of pre-operative radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The second Scandinavian trial in esophageal cancer. World J Surg 1992; 16: 1104-1109 ; discussion 1110
• 564 Bosset JF. et al. Chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery compared with surgery alone in squamous-cell cancer of the esophagus. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 161-167
• 565 van Hagen P. et al. Preoperative chemoradiotherapy for esophageal or junctional cancer. N Engl J Med 2012; 366: 2074-2084
• 566 Shapiro J. et al. Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy plus surgery versus surgery alone for oesophageal or junctional cancer (CROSS): long-term results of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 2015; 16: 1090-1098
• 567 Oppedijk V. et al. Patterns of recurrence after surgery alone versus preoperative chemoradiotherapy and surgery in the CROSS trials. J Clin Oncol 2014; 32: 385-391
• 568 Burmeister BH. et al. Surgery alone versus chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery for resectable cancer of the oesophagus: a randomised controlled phase III trial. Lancet Oncol 2005; 6: 659-668
• 569 Klevebro F. et al. A randomized clinical trial of neoadjuvant chemotherapy versus neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for cancer of the oesophagus or gastro-oesophageal junction. Ann Oncol 2016; 27: 660-667
• 570 Stahl M. et al. Preoperative chemotherapy versus chemoradiotherapy in locally advanced adenocarcinomas of the oesophagogastric junction (POET): Long-term results of a controlled randomised trial. Eur J Cancer 2017; 81: 183-190
• 571 Dahn D. et al. Influence of irradiated lung volumes on perioperative morbidity and mortality in patients after neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy for esophageal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010; 77: 44-52
• 572 Ohri N. et al. Who benefits from adjuvant radiation therapy for gastric cancer? A meta- analysis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2013; 86: 330-335
• 573 Newton AD. et al. Neoadjuvant therapy for gastric cancer: current evidence and future directions. J Gastrointest Oncol 2015; 6: 534-543
• 574 Ajani JA. et al. Phase II trial of preoperative chemoradiation in patients with localized gastric adenocarcinoma (RTOG 9904): quality of combined modality therapy and pathologic response. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24: 3953-3958
• 575 Safran H. et al. Paclitaxel and concurrent radiation for gastric cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000; 46: 889-894
• 576 Bang YJ. et al. Trastuzumab in combination with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for treatment of HER2-positive advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer (ToGA): a phase 3, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2010; 376: 687-697
• 577 Yoshikawa T. et al. Accuracy of CT staging of locally advanced gastric cancer after neoadjuvant chemotherapy: cohort evaluation within a randomized phase II study. Ann Surg Oncol 2014; 21 (Suppl. 03) S385-S389
• 578 Heger U. et al. Interim endoscopy results during neoadjuvant therapy for gastric cancer correlate with histopathological response and prognosis. Gastric Cancer 2014; 17: 478-488
• 579 Park SR. et al. Use of a combination of computed tomography and endoscopy to assess the response to 5-fluorouracil/cisplatin and predict survival in gastric cancer. J Gastroenterol 2006; 41: 339-346
• 580 Guo T. et al. Endoscopic ultrasound in restaging and predicting pathological response for advanced gastric cancer patients after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2014; 10: e28-e32
• 581 Park SR. et al. Endoscopic ultrasound and computed tomography in restaging and predicting prognosis after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with locally advanced gastric cancer. Cancer 2008; 112: 2368-2376
• 582 Bohle W, Zachmann R, Zoller WG. Sequential endoscopic ultrasound identifies predictive variables for relapse-free follow-up after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in gastric cancer. Scand J Gastroenterol 2017; 52: 754-761
• 583 Beer AJ. et al. Adenocarcinomas of esophagogastric junction: multi-detector row CT to evaluate early response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Radiology 2006; 239: 472-480
• 584 Lee SM. et al. Usefulness of CT volumetry for primary gastric lesions in predicting pathologic response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer. Abdom Imaging 2009; 34: 430-440
• 585 Park SR. et al. Prognostic value of preoperative clinical staging assessed by computed tomography in resectable gastric cancer patients: a viewpoint in the era of preoperative treatment. Ann Surg 2010; 251: 428-435
• 586 Park S. et al. Prospective Evaluation of Changes in Tumor Size and Tumor Metabolism in Patients with Advanced Gastric Cancer Undergoing Chemotherapy: Association and Clinical Implication. J Nucl Med 2017; 58: 899-904
• 587 Mesenas S. et al. A large series, resection controlled study to assess the value of radial EUS in restaging gastroesophageal cancer following neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Dis Esophagus 2008; 21: 37-42
• 588 Patel PR. et al. Clinical stage after preoperative chemoradiation is a better predictor of patient outcome than the baseline stage for localized gastric cancer. Cancer 2007; 110: 989-995
• 589 Wang ZC. et al. CT volumetry can potentially predict the local stage for gastric cancer after chemotherapy. Diagn Interv Radiol 2017; 23: 257-262
• 590 Japanese Gastric Cancer, A., Japanese classification of gastric carcinoma: 3rd English edition. Gastric Cancer 2011; 14: 101-112
• 591 Nakatani K. et al. Clinical significance of evaluating primary lesions in patients with gastric cancer who receive chemotherapy. Gastric Cancer 2010; 13: 36-42
• 592 Tahara T. et al. Evaluations of primary lesions by endoscopy clearly distinguishes prognosis in patients with gastric cancer who receive chemotherapy. PLoS One 2017; 12: e0173663
• 593 Weber WA. et al. Prediction of response to preoperative chemotherapy in adenocarcinomas of the esophagogastric junction by metabolic imaging. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19: 3058-3065
• 594 Ott K. et al. Prediction of response to preoperative chemotherapy in gastric carcinoma by metabolic imaging: results of a prospective trial. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21: 4604-4610
• 595 Lordick F. et al. PET to assess early metabolic response and to guide treatment of adenocarcinoma of the oesophagogastric junction: the MUNICON phase II trial. Lancet Oncol 2007; 8: 797-805
• 596 Ott K. et al. Early metabolic response evaluation by fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography allows in vivo testing of chemosensitivity in gastric cancer: long-term results of a prospective study. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14: 2012-2018
• 597 Vallbohmer D. et al. [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography for the assessment of histopathologic response and prognosis after completion of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in gastric cancer. J Surg Oncol 2010; 102: 135-140
• 598 Ott K. et al. Molecular imaging of proliferation and glucose utilization: utility for monitoring response and prognosis after neoadjuvant therapy in locally advanced gastric cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2011; 18: 3316-3323
• 599 Manoharan V. et al. Serial imaging using [18F]Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and histopathologic assessment in predicting survival in a population of surgically resectable distal oesophageal and gastric adenocarcinoma following neoadjuvant therapy. Ann Nucl Med 2017; 31: 315-323
• 600 Lundsgaard Hansen M. et al. Computed tomography (CT) perfusion as an early predictive marker for treatment response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in gastroesophageal junction cancer and gastric cancer – a prospective study. PLoS One 2014; 9: e97605
• 601 Sun ZQ. et al. Can low-dose CT perfusion imaging accurately assess response of advanced gastric cancer with neoadjuvant chemotherapy?. J Xray Sci Technol 2017 . https://content.iospress.com/articles/journal-of-x-ray-science-and-technology/xst17271
• 602 Ang J. et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography assessment of gastric cancer response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18: 7026-7032
• 603 Matsui S. et al. Evaluation of the Response to Chemotherapy in Advanced Gastric Cancer by Contrast-Enhanced Harmonic EUS. Hepatogastroenterology 2015; 62: 595-598
• 604 Becker K. et al. Proposal for a multifactorial prognostic score that accurately classifies 3 groups of gastric carcinoma patients with different outcomes after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and surgery. Ann Surg 2012; 256: 1002-1007
• 605 Ott K. et al. Factors predicting prognosis and recurrence in patients with esophago-gastric adenocarcinoma and histopathological response with less than 10% residual tumor. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2013; 398: 239-249
• 606 Schmidt T. et al. Prognostic value of histopathological regression in 850 neoadjuvantly treated oesophagogastric adenocarcinomas. Br J Cancer 2014; 110: 1712-1720
• 607 Koh YW. et al. Postoperative nodal status and diffuse-type histology are independent prognostic factors in resectable advanced gastric carcinomas after preoperative chemotherapy. Am J Surg Pathol 2013; 37: 1022-1029
• 608 Becker K. et al. Histomorphology and grading of regression in gastric carcinoma treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Cancer 2003; 98: 1521-1530
• 609 Tischoff I, Tannapfel A. Regression grading in gastrointestinal tumors. Pathologe 2012; 33: 53-60
• 610 Ruschoff J. et al. HER2 diagnostics in gastric cancer-guideline validation and development of standardized immunohistochemical testing. Virchows Arch 2010; 457: 299-307
• 611 D’Ugo D. et al. Response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and effects of tumor regression in gastric cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol 2006; 32: 1105-1109
• 612 Scartozzi M. et al. Molecular biology of sporadic gastric cancer: prognostic indicators and novel therapeutic approaches. Cancer Treat Rev 2004; 30: 451-459
• 613 Nitti D. et al. Recent advances in conventional and molecular prognostic factors for gastric carcinoma. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2008; 17: 467-483, vii
• 614 Spoerl S. et al. Histopathological regression predicts treatment outcome in locally advanced esophagogastric adenocarcinoma. Eur J Cancer 2017; 90: 26-33
• 615 Lorenzen S. et al. Impact of pathologic complete response on disease-free survival in patients with esophagogastric adenocarcinoma receiving preoperative docetaxel-based chemotherapy. Ann Oncol 2013; 24: 2068-2073
• 616 Smyth EC. et al. Effect of Pathologic Tumor Response and Nodal Status on Survival in the Medical Research Council Adjuvant Gastric Infusional Chemotherapy Trial. J Clin Oncol 2016; 34: 2721-2727
• 617 Cunningham D. et al. Peri-operative chemotherapy with or without bevacizumab in operable oesophagogastric adenocarcinoma (UK Medical Research Council ST03): primary analysis results of a multicentre, open-label, randomised phase 2–3 trial. Lancet Oncol 2017; 18: 357-370
• 618 Stahl M. et al. Phase III comparison of preoperative chemotherapy compared with chemoradiotherapy in patients with locally advanced adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27: 851-856
• 619 Becker K. et al. Morphologic response evaluation of neoadjuvant chemotherapy of gastric carcinoma. Verh Dtsch Ges Pathol 2000; 84: 164-174
• 620 Ryan R. et al. Pathological response following long-course neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer. Histopathology 2005; 47: 141-146
• 621 Kim SH. et al. What Is the Ideal Tumor Regression Grading System in Rectal Cancer Patients after Preoperative Chemoradiotherapy?. Cancer Res Treat 2016; 48: 998-1009
• 622 Smalley SR. et al. Updated analysis of SWOG-directed intergroup study 0116: a phase III trial of adjuvant radiochemotherapy versus observation after curative gastric cancer resection. J Clin Oncol 2012; 30: 2327-2333
• 623 Valentini V. et al. Survival after radiotherapy in gastric cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. Radiother Oncol 2009; 92: 176-183
• 624 Allum WH. et al. A controlled, prospective, randomised trial of adjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy in resectable gastric cancer: interim report. British Stomach Cancer Group. Br J Cancer 1989; 60: 739-744
• 625 Dent DM. et al. Prospective randomized trial of combined oncological therapy for gastric carcinoma. Cancer 1979; 44: 385-391
• 626 Moertel CG. et al. Combined 5-fluorouracil and radiation therapy as a surgical adjuvant for poor prognosis gastric carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 1984; 2: 1249-1254
• 627 Macdonald JS. et al. Chemoradiotherapy after surgery compared with surgery alone for adenocarcinoma of the stomach or gastroesophageal junction. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 725-730
• 628 MacDonald JS, S.S., Benedetti J. Postoperative combined radiation and chemotherapy improves disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in resected adenocarcinoma of the stomach and gastroesophageal junction. ASCO; 2004
• 629 Kim S. et al. An observational study suggesting clinical benefit for adjuvant postoperative chemoradiation in a population of over 500 cases after gastric resection with D2 nodal dissection for adenocarcinoma of the stomach. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005; 63: 1279-1285
• 630 Kollmannsberger C. et al. Adjuvant chemoradiation using 5-fluorouracil/folinic acid/cisplatin with or without paclitaxel and radiation in patients with completely resected high-risk gastric cancer: two cooperative phase II studies of the AIO/ARO/ACO. Ann Oncol 2005; 16: 1326-1333
• 631 Soon YY. et al. Postoperative chemo-radiotherapy versus chemotherapy for resected gastric cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol 2014; 58: 483-496
• 632 Park SH. et al. Phase III Trial to Compare Adjuvant Chemotherapy With Capecitabine and Cisplatin Versus Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy in Gastric Cancer: Final Report of the Adjuvant Chemoradiotherapy in Stomach Tumors Trial, Including Survival and Subset Analyses. J Clin Oncol 2015; 33: 3130-3136
• 633 Cats A. et al. Chemotherapy versus chemoradiotherapy after surgery and preoperative chemotherapy for resectable gastric cancer (CRITICS): an international, open-label, randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 2018 . https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1470204518301323
• 634 Matzinger O. et al. EORTC-ROG expert opinion: radiotherapy volume and treatment guidelines for neoadjuvant radiation of adenocarcinomas of the gastroesophageal junction and the stomach. Radiother Oncol 2009; 92: 164-175
• 635 Boda-Heggemann J. et al. Adjuvant IMRT/XELOX radiochemotherapy improves long-term overall- and disease-free survival in advanced gastric cancer. Strahlenther Onkol 2013; 189: 417-423
• 636 Van Cutsem E, D.M., Arber N, Benson A, Cunningham D, Diaz-Rubio E et al. The neoadjuvant, surgical and adjuvant treatment of gastric adenocarcinoma. Current expert opinion derived from the Seventh World Congress on Gastrointestinal Cancer, Barcelona, 2005. Ann Oncol 2006; 6: vi13-vi18
• 637 Oechsle K. et al. Four consecutive multicenter phase II trials of adjuvant chemoradiation in patients with completely resected high-risk gastric cancer: the experience of the German AIO/ARO/CAO group. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2009; 135: 163-172
• 638 Welz S. et al. Renal toxicity of adjuvant chemoradiotherapy with cisplatin in gastric cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007; 69: 1429-1435
• 639 Wagner AD. et al. Chemotherapy for advanced gastric cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 8: CD004064
• 640 Glimelius B. et al. Randomized comparison between chemotherapy plus best supportive care with best supportive care in advanced gastric cancer. Ann Oncol 1997; 8: 163-168
• 641 Murad AM. et al. Modified therapy with 5-fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and methotrexate in advanced gastric cancer. Cancer 1993; 72: 37-41
• 642 Wagner AD. et al. Chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis based on aggregate data. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24: 2903-2909
• 643 Findlay M. et al. A phase II study in advanced gastro-esophageal cancer using epirubicin and cisplatin in combination with continuous infusion 5-fluorouracil (ECF). Ann Oncol 1994; 5: 609-616
• 644 Kim R. et al. An analysis of the therapeutic efficacy of protracted infusion of low-dose 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin in advanced gastric cancer. J Infect Chemother 2000; 6: 222-228
• 645 Al-Batran SE, Ajani JA. Impact of chemotherapy on quality of life in patients with metastatic esophagogastric cancer. Cancer 2010; 116: 2511-2518
• 646 Robert-Koch-Institut. Krebs in Deutschland. 2008
• 647 Lee JL. et al. A randomised multicentre phase II trial of capecitabine vs S-1 as first-line treatment in elderly patients with metastatic or recurrent unresectable gastric cancer. Br J Cancer 2008; 99: 584-590
• 648 Koizumi W. et al. S-1 plus cisplatin versus S-1 alone for first-line treatment of advanced gastric cancer (SPIRITS trial): a phase III trial. Lancet Oncol 2008; 9: 215-221
• 649 Mahoney FI, Barthel DW. Functional Evaluation: The Barthel Index. Md State Med J 1965; 14: 61-65
• 650 Lawton MP, Brody EM. Assessment of older people: self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living. Gerontologist 1969; 9: 179-186
• 651 Yesavage JA. et al. Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: a preliminary report. J Psychiatr Res 1982; 17: 37-49
• 652 Watson YI, Arfken CL, Birge SJ. Clock completion: an objective screening test for dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc 1993; 41: 1235-1240
• 653 Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. „Mini-mental state“. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res 1975; 12: 189-198
• 654 Kalbe E. et al. DemTect: a new, sensitive cognitive screening test to support the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment and early dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2004; 19: 136-143
• 655 Cohendy R, Rubenstein LZ, Eledjam JJ. The Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form for preoperative nutritional evaluation of elderly patients. Aging (Milano) 2001; 13: 293-297
• 656 Tinetti ME. Performance-oriented assessment of mobility problems in elderly patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1986; 34: 119-126
• 657 Podsiadlo D, Richardson S. The timed „Up & Go“: a test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 1991; 39: 142-148
• 658 Nikolaus T. et al. Social aspects in diagnosis and therapy of very elderly patients. Initial experiences with a newly developed questionnaire within the scope of geriatric assessment. Z Gerontol 1994; 27: 240-245
• 659 Sommer G, Fydrich T. Unterstützung: Diagnostik, Konzepte, F-SOZU. Tübingen: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Verhaltenstherapie; 1989
• 660 Thuss-Patience PC. et al. Survival advantage for irinotecan versus best supportive care as second-line chemotherapy in gastric cancer – a randomised phase III study of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Internistische Onkologie (AIO). Eur J Cancer 2011; 47: 2306-2314
• 661 Janowitz T. et al. Chemotherapy vs supportive care alone for relapsed gastric, gastroesophageal junction, and oesophageal adenocarcinoma: a meta-analysis of patient-level data. Br J Cancer 2016; 114: 381-387
• 662 Groene O. et al. A population-based observational study on the factors associated with the completion of palliative chemotherapy among patients with oesophagogastric cancer. BMJ Open 2015; 5: e006724
• 663 Lee KW. et al. Population-based outcomes research on treatment patterns and impact of chemotherapy in older patients with metastatic gastric cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2016; 142: 687-697
• 664 Kripp M. et al. Quality of life of older adult patients receiving docetaxel-based chemotherapy triplets for esophagogastric adenocarcinoma: a randomized study of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Internistische Onkologie (AIO). Gastric Cancer 2014; 17: 181-187
• 665 Mahoney FI, Barthel DW. Functional evaluation. Md Med J 1965; 14: 61-65
• 666 Al-Batran SE. et al. Biweekly fluorouracil, leucovorin, oxaliplatin, and docetaxel (FLOT) for patients with metastatic adenocarcinoma of the stomach or esophagogastric junction: a phase II trial of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Internistische Onkologie. Ann Oncol 2008; 19: 1882-1887
• 667 Van Cutsem E, Kang Y, Chung H. et al. Efficacy results from the ToGA trial: A phase III study of trastuzumab added to standard chemotherapy (CT) in first-line human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive advanced gastric cancer (GC). Journal of Clinical Oncology 2009; 27 (Suppl. 18) LBA4509-LBA4509
• 668 Dank M. et al. Randomized phase III study comparing irinotecan combined with 5-fluorouracil and folinic acid to cisplatin combined with 5-fluorouracil in chemotherapy naive patients with advanced adenocarcinoma of the stomach or esophagogastric junction. Ann Oncol 2008; 19: 1450-1457
• 669 Lutz MP. et al. Weekly infusional high-dose fluorouracil (HD-FU), HD-FU plus folinic acid (HD-FU/FA), or HD-FU/FA plus biweekly cisplatin in advanced gastric cancer: randomized phase II trial 40953 of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Gastrointestinal Group and the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Internistische Onkologie. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25: 2580-2585
• 670 Ochenduszko S. et al. Comparison of efficacy and safety of first-line palliative chemotherapy with EOX and mDCF regimens in patients with locally advanced inoperable or metastatic HER2- negative gastric or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma: a randomized phase 3 trial. Med Oncol 2015; 32: 242
• 671 Satoh T. et al. Quality of life in the trastuzumab for gastric cancer trial. Oncologist 2014; 19: 712-719
• 672 Gubanski M, Glimelius B, Lind PA. Quality of life in patients with advanced gastric cancer sequentially treated with docetaxel and irinotecan with 5-fluorouracil and folinic acid (leucovin). Med Oncol 2014; 31: 906
• 673 Bang YJ. et al. Trastuzumab in combination with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for treatment of HER2-positive advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer (ToGA): a phase 3, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2010; 376: 687-697
• 674 Rueschoff J. HER diagnostics in gastric gancer – Guideline validation and development of standardtized immunohistochemical testing.
• 675 DGP, Qualitätssicherungsmaßnahmen – Übersicht laufende Ringversuche. 2010
• 676 Lordick F. et al. HER2 testing in gastric cancer: results of a German expert meeting. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2017; 143: 835-841
• 677 Wagner AD. et al. Chemotherapy for advanced gastric cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010; 3: CD004064
• 678 Wagner AD, Moehler M. Development of targeted therapies in advanced gastric cancer: promising exploratory steps in a new era. Curr Opin Oncol 2009; 21: 381-385
• 679 Bouche O. et al. Randomized multicenter phase II trial of a biweekly regimen of fluorouracil and leucovorin (LV5FU2), LV5FU2 plus cisplatin, or LV5FU2 plus irinotecan in patients with previously untreated metastatic gastric cancer: a Federation Francophone de Cancerologie Digestive Group Study – FFCD 9803. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22: 4319-4328
• 680 Van Cutsem E. et al. Phase III study of docetaxel and cisplatin plus fluorouracil compared with cisplatin and fluorouracil as first-line therapy for advanced gastric cancer: a report of the V325 Study Group. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24: 4991-4997
• 681 Roth AD. et al. Docetaxel, cisplatin, and fluorouracil; docetaxel and cisplatin; and epirubicin, cisplatin, and fluorouracil as systemic treatment for advanced gastric carcinoma: a randomized phase II trial of the Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25: 3217-3223
• 682 Guimbaud R. et al. Prospective, randomized, multicenter, phase III study of fluorouracil, leucovorin, and irinotecan versus epirubicin, cisplatin, and capecitabine in advanced gastric adenocarcinoma: a French intergroup (Federation Francophone de Cancerologie Digestive, Federation Nationale des Centres de Lutte Contre le Cancer, and Groupe Cooperateur Multidisciplinaire en Oncologie) study. J Clin Oncol 2014; 32: 3520-3526
• 683 Petrelli F. et al. Cisplatin or not in advanced gastric cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2013; 8: e83022
• 684 Ajani JA. et al. Multicenter Phase III Comparison of Cisplatin/S-1 With Cisplatin/Infusional Fluorouracil in Advanced Gastric or Gastroesophageal Adenocarcinoma Study: The FLAGS Trial. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28: 1547-1553
• 685 Al-Batran SE. et al. The feasibility of triple-drug chemotherapy combination in older adult patients with oesophagogastric cancer: a randomised trial of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Internistische Onkologie (FLOT65+). Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 835-842
• 686 Shah MA. et al. Randomized Multicenter Phase II Study of Modified Docetaxel, Cisplatin, and Fluorouracil (DCF) Versus DCF Plus Growth Factor Support in Patients With Metastatic Gastric Adenocarcinoma: A Study of the US Gastric Cancer Consortium. J Clin Oncol 2015; 33: 3874-3879
• 687 Wang J. et al. Randomized multicenter phase III study of a modified docetaxel and cisplatin plus fluorouracil regimen compared with cisplatin and fluorouracil as first-line therapy for advanced or locally recurrent gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer 2016; 19: 234-244
• 688 Lorenzen S. et al. Cetuximab plus cisplatin-5-fluorouracil versus cisplatin-5-fluorouracil alone in first-line metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus: a randomized phase II study of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Internistische Onkologie. Ann Oncol 2009; 20: 1667-1673
• 689 Trumper M. et al. Efficacy and tolerability of chemotherapy in elderly patients with advanced oesophago-gastric cancer: A pooled analysis of three clinical trials. Eur J Cancer 2006; 42: 827-834
• 690 Liu G. et al. Patient preferences for oral versus intravenous palliative chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 1997; 15: 110-115
• 691 Ajani JA. et al. Multicenter phase III comparison of cisplatin/S-1 with cisplatin/infusional fluorouracil in advanced gastric or gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma study: the FLAGS trial. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28: 1547-1553
• 692 Ajani JA. et al. Combination of cisplatin/S-1 in the treatment of patients with advanced gastric or gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma: Results of noninferiority and safety analyses compared with cisplatin/5-fluorouracil in the First-Line Advanced Gastric Cancer Study. Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3616-3624
• 693 Bang Y, Chung H, Xu J. et al. Pathological features of advanced gastric cancer (GC): Relationship to human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) positivity in the global screening programme of the ToGA trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2009; 27 (Suppl. 15) 4556-4556
• 694 Song H, Zhu J, Lu D. et al. Molecular-targeted first-line therapy for advanced gastric cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 7: CD011461
• 695 Kang JH. et al. Salvage chemotherapy for pretreated gastric cancer: a randomized phase III trial comparing chemotherapy plus best supportive care with best supportive care alone. J Clin Oncol 2012; 30: 1513-1518
• 696 Al-Batran SE, Hannig CV, Hamm T. et al. Trastuzumab in combination with different first-line chemotherapies for treatment of HER2-positive metastatic gastric or gastro- oesophageal junction cancer: Updated findings from the German non-interventional study HerMES. European Journal of Cancer 51 (444).
• 697 Ford HE. et al. Docetaxel versus active symptom control for refractory oesophagogastric adenocarcinoma (COUGAR-02): an open-label, phase 3 randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 2014; 15: 78-86
• 698 Hironaka S. et al. Randomized, open-label, phase III study comparing irinotecan with paclitaxel in patients with advanced gastric cancer without severe peritoneal metastasis after failure of prior combination chemotherapy using fluoropyrimidine plus platinum: WJOG 4007 trial. J Clin Oncol 2013; 31: 4438-4444
• 699 Fuchs CS. et al. Ramucirumab monotherapy for previously treated advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction adenocarcinoma (REGARD): an international, randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet 2014; 383: 31-39
• 700 Wilke H. et al. Ramucirumab plus paclitaxel versus placebo plus paclitaxel in patients with previously treated advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction adenocarcinoma (RAINBOW): a double-blind, randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 2014; 15: 1224-1235
• 701 Kang YK. et al. Nivolumab in patients with advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer refractory to, or intolerant of, at least two previous chemotherapy regimens (ONO- 4538-12, ATTRACTION-2): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet 2017; 390: 2461-2471
• 702 Kang YK, Satoh T, Ryu MH. et al. Nivolumab (ONO-4538/BMS-936558) as salvage treatment after second or later-line chemotherapy for advanced gastric or gastro-esophageal junction cancer (AGC): A double-blinded, randomized, phase III trial. J Clin Oncol 2017; 35: 2017 (suppl 4S; abstract 2)
• 703 Zheng B. et al. Endoscopic stenting versus gastrojejunostomy for palliation of malignant gastric outlet obstruction. Dig Endosc 2012; 24: 71-78
• 704 Hartgrink HH. et al. Value of palliative resection in gastric cancer. Br J Surg 2002; 89: 1438-1443
• 705 Jeurnink SM. et al. Stent versus gastrojejunostomy for the palliation of gastric outlet obstruction: a systematic review. BMC Gastroenterol 2007; 7: 18
• 706 Hosono S. et al. Endoscopic stenting versus surgical gastroenterostomy for palliation of malignant gastroduodenal obstruction: a meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol 2007; 42: 283-290
• 707 Pavlidis TE, Pavlidis ET. Role of stenting in the palliation of gastroesophageal junction cancer: A brief review. World J Gastrointest Surg 2014; 6: 38-41
• 708 Dai Y. et al. Interventions for dysphagia in oesophageal cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014: CD005048
• 709 Sur RK. et al. Prospective randomized trial of HDR brachytherapy as a sole modality in palliation of advanced esophageal carcinoma – an International Atomic Energy Agency study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2002; 53: 127-133
• 710 Sur R. et al. Randomized prospective study comparing high-dose-rate intraluminal brachytherapy (HDRILBT) alone with HDRILBT and external beam radiotherapy in the palliation of advanced esophageal cancer. Brachytherapy 2004; 3: 191-195
• 711 Kunisaki C. et al. Impact of palliative gastrectomy in patients with incurable advanced gastric cancer. Anticancer Res 2008; 28: 1309-1315
• 712 Du J. et al. Laparoscopically-assisted palliative total gastrectomy in patients with stage IV or metastatic gastric cancer: is it worthwhile?. Hepatogastroenterology 2008; 55: 1908-1912
• 713 Tey J. et al. The role of palliative radiation therapy in symptomatic locally advanced gastric cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007; 67: 385-388
• 714 Hashimoto K. et al. Palliative radiation therapy for hemorrhage of unresectable gastric cancer: a single institute experience. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2009; 135: 1117-1123
• 715 Kondoh C. et al. Efficacy of palliative radiotherapy for gastric bleeding in patients with unresectable advanced gastric cancer: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Palliat Care 2015; 14: 37
• 716 Tey J. et al. Palliative radiotherapy for gastric cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oncotarget 2017; 8: 25797-25805
• 717 Rudloff U. et al. Impact of maximal cytoreductive surgery plus regional heated intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) on outcome of patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis of gastric origin: results of the GYMSSA trial. J Surg Oncol 2014; 110: 275-284
• 718 Yang XJ. et al. Cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy improves survival of patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis from gastric cancer: final results of a phase III randomized clinical trial. Ann Surg Oncol 2011; 18: 1575-1581
• 719 Gill RS. et al. Treatment of gastric cancer with peritoneal carcinomatosis by cytoreductive surgery and HIPEC: a systematic review of survival, mortality, and morbidity. J Surg Oncol 2011; 104: 692-698
• 720 Grimes N. et al. The role of hepatectomy in the management of metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma: a systematic review. Surg Oncol 2014; 23: 177-185
• 721 Coccolini F. et al. Intraperitoneal chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer. Meta-analysis of randomized trials. Eur J Surg Oncol 2014; 40: 12-26
• 722 Armstrong DK. et al. Intraperitoneal cisplatin and paclitaxel in ovarian cancer. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 34-43
• 723 Chia CS. et al. Patients with Peritoneal Carcinomatosis from Gastric Cancer Treated with Cytoreductive Surgery and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy: Is Cure a Possibility?. Ann Surg Oncol 2016; 23: 1971-1979
• 724 Canbay E. et al. Outcome data of patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis from gastric origin treated by a strategy of bidirectional chemotherapy prior to cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy in a single specialized center in Japan. Ann Surg Oncol 2014; 21: 1147-1152
• 725 Boerner T. et al. CRS-HIPEC Prolongs Survival but is Not Curative for Patients with Peritoneal Carcinomatosis of Gastric Cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2016; 23: 3972-3977
• 726 Desiderio J. et al. The 30-year experience-A meta-analysis of randomised and high-quality non-randomised studies of hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy in the treatment of gastric cancer. Eur J Cancer 2017; 79: 1-14
• 727 Tempfer CB. et al. Pressurized intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy in women with recurrent ovarian cancer: A phase 2 study. Gynecol Oncol 2015; 137: 223-228
• 728 Nadiradze G. et al. Pressurized Intraperitoneal Aerosol Chemotherapy (PIPAC) with Low-Dose Cisplatin and Doxorubicin in Gastric Peritoneal Metastasis. J Gastrointest Surg 2016; 20: 367-373
• 729 Muro K. et al. Pembrolizumab for patients with PD-L1-positive advanced gastric cancer (KEYNOTE-012): a multicentre, open-label, phase 1b trial. Lancet Oncol 2016; 17: 717-726
• 730 Fuchs CS, D.T., Jang RWJ et al. KEYNOTE-059 cohort 1: Efficacy and safety of pembrolizumab (pembro) monotherapy in patients with previously treated advanced gastric cancer. J Clin Oncol 2017 35(15). suppl, 4003–4003
• 731 Bang YJ, M.K., Fuchs CS et al. KEYNOTE-059 cohort 2: Safety and efficacy of pembrolizumab (pembro) plus 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and cisplatin for first-line (1L) treatment of advanced gastric cancer. J Clin Oncol 2017 35(15). suppl 4012
• 732 Catenacci VD, Wainberg Z, Fuchs SC. et al. KEYNOTE-059 cohort 3: safety and efficacy of pembrolizumab monotherapy for first-line treatment of patients (pts) with PD-L1-positive advanced gastric/gastroesophageal (G/GEJ) cancer. Ann Oncol 2017; 28 (Suppl. 03) iii150-iii153
• 733 Wainberg ZA, Jalal S, Muro K. et al. KEYNOTE-059 Update: Efficacy and Safety of Pembrolizumab Alone or in Combination with Chemotherapy in Patients With Advanced Gastric or Gastroesophageal (G/GEJ) cancer. Ann Oncol 2017; 28 (Suppl. 05) v605-v649
• 734 Janjigian YY, Bendell J, Calvo E. et al. CheckMate-032 Study: Efficacy and Safety of Nivolumab and Nivolumab Plus Ipilimumab in Patients With Metastatic Esophagogastric Cancer. J Clin Oncol 2018;
• 735 Kelly RJ, Chung K, Yu G. et al. Phase Ib/II study to evaluate the safety and antitumor activity of durvalumab (MEDI4736) and tremelimumab as monotherapy or in combination, in patients with recurrent or metastatic gastric/gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma. J Immunother Cancer 2015; 3: 1157
• 736 Segal NH, A.S., Brahmer JR et al. Preliminary data from a multi-arm expansion study of MEDI4736, an anti-PD-L1 antibody. J Clin Oncol 2014; 32 (Suppl. 15) 3002
• 737 Herbst RS, G.M., Fine GD et al. A study of MPDL3280A, an engineered PD-L1 antibody in patients with locally advanced or metastatic tumors. J Clin Oncol 2013; 31 (Suppl. 15) 3000
• 738 Tabernero J, P.J., Hamid O et al. Clinical activity, safety, and biomarkers of MPDL3280A, an engineered PD-L1 antibody in patients with locally advanced or metastatic CRC, gastric cancer (GC), SCCHN, or other tumors. J Clin Oncol 2013; 31 (Suppl. 15) 3622
• 739 Chung HC, A.H., Wyrwicz L et al. Avelumab (MSB0010718C; anti-PD-L1) in patients with advanced gastric or gastroesophageal junction cancer from JAVELIN solid tumor phase Ib trial: Analysis of safety and clinical activity. J Clin Oncol 2016; 34 (Suppl. 15) 4009
• 740 Moehler MH, T.J., Gurtler JS et al. Maintenance therapy with avelumab (MSB0010718C; anti-PD-L1) vs continuation of first-line chemotherapy in patients with unresectable, locally advanced or metastatic gastric cancer: The phase 3 JAVELIN Gastric 100 trial. J Clin Oncol 2016; 34 (Suppl. 15) TPS4134-TPS4134
• 741 Bang YJ, W.L., Park YI et al. Avelumab (MSB0010718C; anti-PD-L1) + best supportive care (BSC) vs BSC ± chemotherapy as third-line treatment for patients with unresectable, recurrent, or metastatic gastric cancer: The phase 3 JAVELIN Gastric 300 trial. J Clin Oncol 2016; 34 (Suppl. 15) TPS4135-TPS4135
• 742 Arends J, Bertz H, Bischoff SC. DGEM Steering Committee. et al. S3-Leitline der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Ernährungsmedizin e. V. (DGEM) in Kooperation mit der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Hämatologie und Onkologie e. V. (DGHO), der Arbeitsgemeinschaft „Supportive Maßnahmen in der Onkologie, Rehabilitation und Sozialmedizin“ der Deutschen Krebsgesellschaft (ASORS) und der Österreichischen Arbeitsgemeinschaft für klinische Ernährung (AKE). Klinische Ernährung in der Onkologie. Aktuelle Ernaehrungsmedizin 2015; 40: e1-e74
• 743 Arends J. et al. ESPEN guidelines on nutrition in cancer patients. Clin Nutr 2017; 36: 11-48
• 744 Dewys WD. et al. Prognostic effect of weight loss prior to chemotherapy in cancer patients. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. Am J Med 1980; 69: 491-497
• 745 Andreyev HJ. et al. Why do patients with weight loss have a worse outcome when undergoing chemotherapy for gastrointestinal malignancies?. Eur J Cancer 1998; 34: 503-509
• 746 Martin L. et al. Cancer cachexia in the age of obesity: skeletal muscle depletion is a powerful prognostic factor, independent of body mass index. J Clin Oncol 2013; 31: 1539-1547
• 747 Martin L. et al. Diagnostic criteria for the classification of cancer-associated weight loss. J Clin Oncol 2015; 33: 90-99
• 748 Jang RW. et al. Simple prognostic model for patients with advanced cancer based on performance status. J Oncol Pract 2014; 10: e335-e341
• 749 McMillan DC. The systemic inflammation-based Glasgow Prognostic Score: a decade of experience in patients with cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2013; 39: 534-540
• 750 Bozzetti F. Nutritional support in patients with oesophageal cancer. Support Care Cancer 2010; 18 (Suppl. 02) S41-S50
• 751 Bassler KH. Significance of vitamins in parenteral nutrition. Infusionstherapie 1990; 17: 19-23
• 752 Bassler KH. Recommendations for the provision of trace elements in the parenteral nutrition of adults. Klin Anasthesiol Intensivther 1990; 40: 199-200
• 753 Shenkin A. The key role of micronutrients. Clin Nutr 2006; 25: 1-13
• 754 Biesalski HK, B.S., Böhles H et al. Wasser, Elektrolyte, Vitamine und Spurenelemente. Aktuel Ernahrungsmed 2007; 32: 30-34
• 755 Giovannucci E, Chan AT. Role of vitamin and mineral supplementation and aspirin use in cancer survivors. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28: 4081-4085
• 756 Mamede AC. et al. The role of vitamins in cancer: a review. Nutr Cancer 2011; 63: 479-494
• 757 Strohle A, Zanker K, Hahn A. Nutrition in oncology: the case of micronutrients (review). Oncol Rep 2010; 24: 815-828
• 758 Luczynska A. et al. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and lymphoma risk: results of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 98: 827-838
• 759 Drake MT. et al. Vitamin D insufficiency and prognosis in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28: 4191-4198
• 760 Arends J. Vitamin D in oncology. Forsch Komplementmed 2011; 18: 176-184
• 761 Zgaga L. et al. Plasma vitamin D concentration influences survival outcome after a diagnosis of colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 2014; 32: 2430-2439
• 762 DGE. Referenzwerte für die Nährstoffzufuhr (D-A-CH Referenzwerte der DGE, ÖGE, SGE/SVE) VitaminB12 (Cobalamine). http://www.dge.de/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=3&page=7
• 763 Akutsu Y. et al. Are additional trace elements necessary in total parenteral nutrition for patients with esophageal cancer receiving cisplatin-based chemotherapy?. Biol Trace Elem Res 2012; 150: 109-115
• 764 Bairati I. et al. Randomized trial of antioxidant vitamins to prevent acute adverse effects of radiation therapy in head and neck cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23: 5805-5813
• 765 Camphausen K. et al. Implications for tumor control during protection of normal tissues with antioxidants. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23: 5455-5457
• 766 Bairati I. et al. A randomized trial of antioxidant vitamins to prevent second primary cancers in head and neck cancer patients. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005; 97: 481-488
• 767 Argyriou AA. et al. Preventing paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy: a phase II trial of vitamin E supplementation. J Pain Symptom Manage 2006; 32: 237-244
• 768 Argyriou AA. et al. A randomized controlled trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of vitamin E supplementation for protection against cisplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy: final results. Support Care Cancer 2006; 14: 1134-1140
• 769 Dennert G, Horneber M. Selenium for alleviating the side effects of chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery in cancer patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; 3: CD005037
• 770 Dewey A. et al. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, an omega-3 fatty acid from fish oils) for the treatment of cancer cachexia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007: CD004597
• 771 Colomer R. et al. N-3 fatty acids, cancer and cachexia: a systematic review of the literature. Br J Nutr 2007; 97: 823-831
• 772 Osterlund P. et al. Lactobacillus supplementation for diarrhoea related to chemotherapy of colorectal cancer: a randomised study. Br J Cancer 2007; 97: 1028-1034
• 773 Ligthart-Melis GC. et al. Dietician-delivered intensive nutritional support is associated with a decrease in severe postoperative complications after surgery in patients with esophageal cancer. Dis Esophagus 2013; 26: 587-593
• 774 Lochs H. et al. ESPEN Guidelines on Enteral Nutrition: Gastroenterology. Clin Nutr 2006; 25: 260-274
• 775 Weimann A. et al. ESPEN guideline: Clinical nutrition in surgery. Clin Nutr 2017; 36: 623-650
• 776 Elia M. et al. A systematic review of the cost and cost effectiveness of using standard oral nutritional supplements in the hospital setting. Clin Nutr 2016; 35: 370-380
• 777 Burden S. et al. Pre-operative nutrition support in patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 11: CD008879
• 778 August DA. et al. A.S.P.E.N. clinical guidelines: nutrition support therapy during adult anticancer treatment and in hematopoietic cell transplantation. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2009; 33: 472-500
• 779 Song GM. et al. Role of Enteral Immunonutrition in Patients Undergoing Surgery for Gastric Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94: e1311
• 780 Gianotti L. et al. A randomized controlled trial of preoperative oral supplementation with a specialized diet in patients with gastrointestinal cancer. Gastroenterology 2002; 122: 1763-1770
• 781 Fujitani K. et al. Prospective randomized trial of preoperative enteral immunonutrition followed by elective total gastrectomy for gastric cancer. Br J Surg 2012; 99: 621-629
• 782 Ida S. et al. Randomized clinical trial comparing standard diet with perioperative oral immunonutrition in total gastrectomy for gastric cancer. Br J Surg 2017; 104: 377-383
• 783 Mabvuure NT, Roman A, Khan OA. Enteral immunonutrition versus standard enteral nutrition for patients undergoing oesophagogastric resection for cancer. Int J Surg 2013; 11: 122-127
• 784 Wong CS, Aly EH. The effects of enteral immunonutrition in upper gastrointestinal surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Surg 2016; 29: 137-150
• 785 Hegazi RA, Hustead DS, Evans DC. Preoperative standard oral nutrition supplements vs immunonutrition: results of a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Surg 2014; 219: 1078-107
• 786 Weimann A. et al. Clinical nutrition in surgery. Guidelines of the German Society for Nutritional Medicine. Chirurg 2014; 85: 320-326
• 787 Fukuda Y. et al. Prevalence of Malnutrition Among Gastric Cancer Patients Undergoing Gastrectomy and Optimal Preoperative Nutritional Support for Preventing Surgical Site Infections. Ann Surg Oncol 2015; 22 (Suppl. 03) S778-S785
• 788 Organization WH. Physical status: The use and interpretation of anthropometry, Report of a WHO expert committee. WHO Tech Rep Ser 1995; 854: 423
• 789 Lochs H. et al. Introductory to the ESPEN Guidelines on Enteral Nutrition: Terminology, definitions and general topics. Clin Nutr 2006; 25: 180-186
• 790 Khuri SF. et al. Risk adjustment of the postoperative mortality rate for the comparative assessment of the quality of surgical care: results of the National Veterans Affairs Surgical Risk Study. J Am Coll Surg 1997; 185: 315-327
• 791 Khuri SF. et al. Determinants of long-term survival after major surgery and the adverse effect of postoperative complications. Ann Surg 2005; 242: 326-341 ; discussion 341–343
• 792 Hennessey DB. et al. Preoperative hypoalbuminemia is an independent risk factor for the development of surgical site infection following gastrointestinal surgery: a multi-institutional study. Ann Surg 2010; 252: 325-329
• 793 Hu WH. et al. Assessment of the Addition of Hypoalbuminemia to ACS-NSQIP Surgical Risk Calculator in Colorectal Cancer. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95: e2999
• 794 Hubner M. et al. Postoperative Albumin Drop Is a Marker for Surgical Stress and a Predictor for Clinical Outcome: A Pilot Study. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2016; 2016: 8743187
• 795 Heyland DK. et al. Total parenteral nutrition in the surgical patient: a meta-analysis. Can J Surg 2001; 44: 102-111
• 796 Bozzetti F. et al. Perioperative total parenteral nutrition in malnourished, gastrointestinal cancer patients: a randomized, clinical trial. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2000; 24: 7-14
• 797 Jie B. et al. Impact of preoperative nutritional support on clinical outcome in abdominal surgical patients at nutritional risk. Nutrition 2012; 28: 1022-1027
• 798 Andersen HK, Lewis SJ, Thomas S. Early enteral nutrition within 24h of colorectal surgery versus later commencement of feeding for postoperative complications. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006: CD004080
• 799 Mazaki T, Ebisawa K. Enteral versus parenteral nutrition after gastrointestinal surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials in the English literature. J Gastrointest Surg 2008; 12: 739-755
• 800 Lewis SJ, Andersen HK, Thomas S. Early enteral nutrition within 24h of intestinal surgery versus later commencement of feeding: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gastrointest Surg 2009; 13: 569-575
• 801 Osland E. et al. Early versus traditional postoperative feeding in patients undergoing resectional gastrointestinal surgery: a meta-analysis. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2011; 35: 473-487
• 802 Lassen K. et al. Allowing normal food at will after major upper gastrointestinal surgery does not increase morbidity: a randomized multicenter trial. Ann Surg 2008; 247: 721-729
• 803 Hur H. et al. Effect of early oral feeding after gastric cancer surgery: a result of randomized clinical trial. Surgery 2011; 149: 561-568
• 804 Willcutts KF. et al. Early Oral Feeding as Compared With Traditional Timing of Oral Feeding After Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Ann Surg 2016; 264: 54-63
• 805 Han-Geurts IJ. et al. Randomized clinical trial comparing feeding jejunostomy with nasoduodenal tube placement in patients undergoing oesophagectomy. Br J Surg 2007; 94: 31-35
• 806 Heneghan HM. et al. Prospective Study of Malabsorption and Malnutrition After Esophageal and Gastric Cancer Surgery. Ann Surg 2015; 262: 803-807 ; discussion 807–808
• 807 Ryan AM. et al. Post-oesophagectomy early enteral nutrition via a needle catheter jejunostomy: 8-year experience at a specialist unit. Clin Nutr 2006; 25: 386-393
• 808 Falkner D, P.R., Weimann A. Die Wertigkeit der Feinnadelkatheterjejunostomie in der postoperativen enteralen Ernährung nach Ösophagusresektion DGCH. 2014 www.egms.de/static/en/meetings/dgch2014/14dgch567.shtml
• 809 Sica GS. et al. Needle catheter jejunostomy at esophagectomy for cancer. J Surg Oncol 2005; 91: 276-279
• 810 Deutz NE. et al. Protein intake and exercise for optimal muscle function with aging: recommendations from the ESPEN Expert Group. Clin Nutr 2014; 33: 929-936
• 811 Bauer J. et al. Evidence-based recommendations for optimal dietary protein intake in older people: a position paper from the PROT-AGE Study Group. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2013; 14: 542-559
• 812 Biolo G, Cederholm T, Muscaritoli M. Muscle contractile and metabolic dysfunction is a common feature of sarcopenia of aging and chronic diseases: from sarcopenic obesity to cachexia. Clin Nutr 2014; 33: 737-748
• 813 English KL, Paddon-Jones D. Protecting muscle mass and function in older adults during bed rest. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2010; 13: 34-39
• 814 Lira FS, Neto JC, Seelaender M. Exercise training as treatment in cancer cachexia. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2014; 39: 679-686
• 815 Gould DW. et al. Cancer cachexia prevention via physical exercise: molecular mechanisms. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2013; 4: 111-124
• 816 Grande AJ. et al. Exercise for cancer cachexia in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014: CD010804
• 817 Ferriolli E. et al. Physical activity monitoring: a responsive and meaningful patient-centered outcome for surgery, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy?. J Pain Symptom Manage 2012; 43: 1025-1035
• 818 Dimeo FC. et al. Effects of physical activity on the fatigue and psychologic status of cancer patients during chemotherapy. Cancer 1999; 85: 2273-2277
• 819 Mock V. et al. Fatigue and quality of life outcomes of exercise during cancer treatment. Cancer Pract 2001; 9: 119-127
• 820 Adamsen L. et al. Feasibility, physical capacity, and health benefits of a multidimensional exercise program for cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Support Care Cancer 2003; 11: 707-716
• 821 Halle M, Schoenberg MH. Physical activity in the prevention and treatment of colorectal carcinoma. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2009; 106: 722-727
• 822 Oldervoll LM. et al. The effect of a physical exercise program in palliative care: A phase II study. J Pain Symptom Manage 2006; 31: 421-430
• 823 Gulde I, Oldervoll LM, Martin C. Palliative cancer patients’ experience of physical activity. J Palliat Care 2011; 27: 296-302
• 824 Carli F, Scheede-Bergdahl C. Prehabilitation to enhance perioperative care. Anesthesiol Clin 2015; 33: 17-33
• 825 Dunne DF. et al. Randomized clinical trial of prehabilitation before planned liver resection. Br J Surg 2016; 103: 504-512
• 826 Yamamoto K. et al. Effectiveness of a preoperative exercise and nutritional support program for elderly sarcopenic patients with gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer 2017; 20: 913-918
• 827 Körner U, Bühler E, Oehmichen F. et al. DGEM- Leitlinie Enterale Ernährung: Ethische und rechtliche Gesichtspunkte. Akuel Ernahrungsmed 2003; 28 (Suppl. 01) S36-S41
• 828 D’Ugo D. et al. Follow-up: the evidence. Dig Surg 2013; 30: 159-168
• 829 Baiocchi GL. et al. Follow-up after gastrectomy for cancer: the Charter Scaligero Consensus Conference. Gastric Cancer 2016; 19: 15-20
• 830 Koletzko B, F.F. Ausgewogene Substratversorgung durch Fleischverzehr. Dtsch Aerztebl 1998; 95: A-606/B-494/C-466
• 831 Institute of Medicine (US) Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes and its Panel on Folate, O.B.V., and Choline: 9. Vitamin B12 Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline.
• 832 SP, S. Vitamin B 12 Deficiency. N Engl J Med 2013; 368: 2040-2042
• 833 Kolber MR, Houle SK. Oral vitamin B12: a cost-effective alternative. Can Fam Physician 2014; 60: 111-112
• 834 Boddy K, K.P., Mervyn I, Macleod A, Adams, JF. Retention of cyanocobalamin, hydroxocobalamin, and coenzyme B12 after parenteral administration. Lancet 1968; 292: 710-712
• 835 Glass GB. et al. Hydroxocobalamin. I. Blood levels and urinary excretion of vitamin B12 in man after a single parenteral dose of aqueous hydroxocobalamin, aqueous cyanocobalamin and cyanocobalamin zinc-tannate complex. Blood 1961; 18: 511-521
• 836 Gimsing P. et al. Cobalamin forms in plasma and tissue during treatment of vitamin B12 deficiency. Scand J Haematol 1982; 29: 311-318
• 837 States U. Pharmacopeia. 1998
• 838 Braun-Falco O, Lincke H. The problem of vitamin B6 / B12 acne. A contribution on acne medicamentosa (author’s transl). MMW Munch Med Wochenschr 1976; 118: 155-160
• 839 F. v. d. Berg, L.G., J. Cabri, L. Arendt-Nielsen, E. Bader. Angewandte Physiologie: Organsysteme verstehen und beeinflussen. Thieme; 2005: 236
• 840 Bragelmann R. et al. Nutrient malassimilation following total gastrectomy. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 1996; 218: 26-33
• 841 Armbrecht U, L.L., Lindstedt G, Stockbruegger RW. Causes of malabsorption after total gastrectomy with Roux-en-Y reconstruction. Acta Chir Scand 1987; 154: 37-41
• 842 Friess H. et al. Maldigestion after total gastrectomy is associated with pancreatic insufficiency. Am J Gastroenterol 1996; 91: 341-347
• 843 Bradley 3rd EL. et al. Nutritional consequences of total gastrectomy. Ann Surg 1975; 182: 415-429
• 844 Bragelmann R. et al. The effect of pancreatic enzyme supplementation in patients with steatorrhoea after total gastrectomy. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1999; 11: 231-237
• 845 Friess H. et al. Enzyme treatment after gastrointestinal surgery. Digestion 1993; 54 (Suppl. 02) 48-53
• 846 Keller J, Layer P. Human pancreatic exocrine response to nutrients in health and disease. Gut 2005; 54 (Suppl. 06) vi1-vi28
• 847 Mishra SI. et al. Exercise interventions on health-related quality of life for people with cancer during active treatment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012: CD008465
• 848 Bourke L. et al. Interventions to improve exercise behaviour in sedentary people living with and beyond cancer: a systematic review. Br J Cancer 2014; 110: 831-841
• 849 Rock CL. et al. Nutrition and physical activity guidelines for cancer survivors. CA Cancer J Clin 2012; 62: 243-274
• 850 Mishra SI. et al. Exercise interventions on health-related quality of life for cancer survivors. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012: CD007566
• 851 Scott DA. et al. Multidimensional rehabilitation programmes for adult cancer survivors. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013: CD007730
• 852 de Boer AG. et al. Interventions to enhance return-to-work for cancer patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015: CD007569
• 853 Quinrui Z, H.Q., Guorui S, Zhiqiang L, et al. Early postoperative tumor marker responses provide a robust prognostic indicator for Nr stage gastric cancer. Medicine 2017; 96: e7560
• 854 Fan W, C.S., Riping W, Zhiginf H, et al. Peritoneal recurrence in gastric cancer following curative resection can be predicted by postoperative but preoperative biomarkers: a single-institution study of 320 cases. Oncotarget 2017; 8: 78120-78132
• 855 Takahashi Y. et al. The usefulness of CEA and/or CA19-9 in monitoring for recurrence in gastric cancer patients: a prospective clinical study. Gastric Cancer 2003; 6: 142-145
• 856 Choi SR. et al. Role of serum tumor markers in monitoring for recurrence of gastric cancer following radical gastrectomy. Dig Dis Sci 2006; 51: 2081-2086
• 857 Aurello P. et al. Follow-up after curative resection for gastric cancer: Is it time to tailor it?. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23: 3379-3387
• 858 Sanson-Fisher R. et al. The unmet supportive care needs of patients with cancer. Supportive Care Review Group. Cancer 2000; 88: 226-237
• 859 Kleeberg UR. et al. Patient satisfaction and quality of life in cancer outpatients: results of the PASQOC study. Support Care Cancer 2005; 13: 303-310
• 860 Fallowfield L, Jenkins V. Communicating sad, bad, and difficult news in medicine. Lancet 2004; 363: 312-319
• 861 Ong LM. et al. Doctor-patient communication and cancer patients’ quality of life and satisfaction. Patient Educ Couns 2000; 41: 145-156
• 862 de Haes H, Teunissen S. Communication in palliative care: a review of recent literature. Curr Opin Oncol 2005; 17: 345-350
• 863 Fukui S. et al. A randomized study assessing the efficacy of communication skill training on patients’ psychologic distress and coping: nurses’ communication with patients just after being diagnosed with cancer. Cancer 2008; 113: 1462-1470
• 864 Razavi D. et al. How to optimize physicians’ communication skills in cancer care: results of a randomized study assessing the usefulness of posttraining consolidation workshops. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21: 3141-3149
• 865 Lienard A. et al. Factors that influence cancer patients’ and relatives’ anxiety following a three-person medical consultation: impact of a communication skills training program for physicians. Psychooncology 2008; 17: 488-496
• 866 Edwards A, Elwyn G. Inside the black box of shared decision making: distinguishing between the process of involvement and who makes the decision. Health Expect 2006; 9: 307-320
• 867 Butow P. et al. Shared decision making coding systems: how do they compare in the oncology context?. Patient Educ Couns 2010; 78: 261-268
• 868 Stiefel F, Favre N, Despland JN. Communication skills training in oncology: it works!. Recent Results Cancer Res 2006; 168: 113-119
• 869 Stephens MR. et al. Prospective randomised clinical trial of providing patients with audiotape recordings of their oesophagogastric cancer consultations. Patient Educ Couns 2008; 72: 218-222
• 870 Faller H. et al. Effectiveness of education for gastric cancer patients: a controlled prospective trial comparing interactive vs. lecture-based programs. Patient Educ Couns 2009; 76: 91-98
• 871 Weis J, Domann U. Interventions in the rehabilitation of breast cancer patients – a critical literature review of the state of the art. Rehabilitation (Stuttg) 2006; 45: 129-145
• 872 Edwards. Psychological interventions for women with metastatic breast cancer (Review). The Cochrane Library; 2009
• 873 Uitterhoeve RJ. et al. Psychosocial interventions for patients with advanced cancer – a systematic review of the literature. Br J Cancer 2004; 91: 1050-1062
• 874 Jacobsen PB, Jim HS. Psychosocial interventions for anxiety and depression in adult cancer patients: achievements and challenges. CA Cancer J Clin 2008; 58: 214-230
• 875 Williams S, Dale J. The effectiveness of treatment for depression/depressive symptoms in adults with cancer: a systematic review. Br J Cancer 2006; 94: 372-390
• 876 Kangas M, Bovbjerg DH, Montgomery GH. Cancer-related fatigue: a systematic and meta-analytic review of non-pharmacological therapies for cancer patients. Psychol Bull 2008; 134: 700-741
• 877 Goedendorp MM. et al. Psychosocial interventions for reducing fatigue during cancer treatment in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009: CD006953
• 878 Soellner W, K.M. Psychoonkologische Interventionen. Psychosomatische Medizin (Adler R, Herzog W, Joraschky P, Köhle K, Langewitz W, Söllner W, Wesiack W (Hrsg)). Munich: 2010
• 879 Osborn RL, Demoncada AC, Feuerstein M. Psychosocial interventions for depression, anxiety, and quality of life in cancer survivors: meta-analyses. Int J Psychiatry Med 2006; 36: 13-34
• 880 Rehse B, Pukrop R. Effects of psychosocial interventions on quality of life in adult cancer patients: meta analysis of 37 published controlled outcome studies. Patient Educ Couns 2003; 50: 179-186
• 881 Luebbert K, Dahme B, Hasenbring M. The effectiveness of relaxation training in reducing treatment-related symptoms and improving emotional adjustment in acute non- surgical cancer treatment: a meta-analytical review. Psychooncology 2001; 10: 490-502
• 882 Sheard T, Maguire P. The effect of psychological interventions on anxiety and depression in cancer patients: results of two meta-analyses. Br J Cancer 1999; 80: 1770-1780
• 883 Detmar SB. et al. Health-related quality-of-life assessments and patient-physician communication: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002; 288: 3027-3034
• 884 Velikova G. et al. Measuring quality of life in routine oncology practice improves communication and patient well-being: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22: 714-724
• 885 Taenzer P. et al. Impact of computerized quality of life screening on physician behaviour and patient satisfaction in lung cancer outpatients. Psychooncology 2000; 9: 203-213
• 886 McLachlan SA. et al. Randomized trial of coordinated psychosocial interventions based on patient self-assessments versus standard care to improve the psychosocial functioning of patients with cancer. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19: 4117-4125
• 887 Gotay CC. et al. The prognostic significance of patient-reported outcomes in cancer clinical trials. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26: 1355-1363
• 888 Quinten C. et al. Baseline quality of life as a prognostic indicator of survival: a meta-analysis of individual patient data from EORTC clinical trials. Lancet Oncol 2009; 10: 865-871
• 889 Coates AS. et al. Quality-of-life scores predict outcome in metastatic but not early breast cancer. International Breast Cancer Study Group. J Clin Oncol 2000; 18: 3768-3774
• 890 Chau I. et al. Multivariate prognostic factor analysis in locally advanced and metastatic esophago-gastric cancer – pooled analysis from three multicenter, randomized, controlled trials using individual patient data. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22: 2395-2403
• 891 Efficace F. et al. Does a patient’s self-reported health-related quality of life predict survival beyond key biomedical data in advanced colorectal cancer?. Eur J Cancer 2006; 42: 42-49
• 892 Bullinger M. German translation and psychometric testing of the SF-36 Health Survey: preliminary results from the IQOLA Project. International Quality of Life Assessment. Soc Sci Med 1995; 41: 1359-1366
• 893 Aaronson NK. et al. The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer QLQ-C30: a quality-of-life instrument for use in international clinical trials in oncology. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993; 85: 365-376
• 894 Cella DF. et al. The Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy scale: development and validation of the general measure. J Clin Oncol 1993; 11: 570-579
• 895 DL., W. The SF-36 health survey. In: Spilker B. (ed) Quality of life and pharmaeconomics in clinical trials. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1996: 337-346
• 896 Blazeby JM. et al. Clinical and psychometric validation of a questionnaire module, the EORTC QLQ-STO 22, to assess quality of life in patients with gastric cancer. Eur J Cancer 2004; 40: 2260-2268
• 897 Zabora J. et al. The prevalence of psychological distress by cancer site. Psychooncology 2001; 10: 19-28
• 898 Sharpe M. et al. Major depression in outpatients attending a regional cancer centre: screening and unmet treatment needs. Br J Cancer 2004; 90: 314-320
• 899 Keller M. et al. Recognition of distress and psychiatric morbidity in cancer patients: a multi- method approach. Ann Oncol 2004; 15: 1243-1249
• 900 Miovic M, Block S. Psychiatric disorders in advanced cancer. Cancer 2007; 110: 1665-1676
• 901 Keller. Depression. In Aulbert (Hrsg) Lehrbuch der Palliativmedizin Stuttgart: Schattauer; 2006: 1109-1127
• 902 Fujita T, Nagayama A, Anazawa S. Circulating alpha-2-macroglobulin levels and depression scores in patients who underwent abdominal cancer surgery. J Surg Res 2003; 114: 90-94
• 903 Fallowfield L. et al. Psychiatric morbidity and its recognition by doctors in patients with cancer. Br J Cancer 2001; 84: 1011-1015
• 904 Sollner W. et al. How successful are oncologists in identifying patient distress, perceived social support, and need for psychosocial counselling?. Br J Cancer 2001; 84: 179-185
• 905 Newell S. et al. How well do medical oncologists’ perceptions reflect their patients’ reported physical and psychosocial problems? Data from a survey of five oncologists. Cancer 1998; 83: 1640-1651
• 906 Patrick DL. et al. National Institutes of Health State-of-the-Science Conference Statement: Symptom Management in Cancer: Pain, Depression, and Fatigue, July 15–17, 2002. J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95: 1110-1117
• 907 Strong V. et al. Management of depression for people with cancer (SMaRT oncology 1): a randomised trial. Lancet 2008; 372: 40-48
• 908 Ell K. et al. Randomized controlled trial of collaborative care management of depression among low-income patients with cancer. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26: 4488-4496
• 909 Herschbach C, W.J. Screeningverfahren in der Psychoonkologie Deutsche Krebsgesellschaft, e.V. 2010
• 910 Holland, J.C., B.D. Bultz, and N. National comprehensive Cancer. The NCCN guideline for distress management: a case for making distress the sixth vital sign. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2007; 5: 3-7
• 911 Roth AJ. et al. Rapid screening for psychologic distress in men with prostate carcinoma: a pilot study. Cancer 1998; 82: 1904-1908
• 912 Mehnert A. et al. Assessment of psychosocial distress and resources in oncology – a literature review about screening measures and current developments. Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol 2006; 56: 462-479
• 913 Whooley MA. et al. Case-finding instruments for depression. Two questions are as good as many. J Gen Intern Med 1997; 12: 439-445
• 914 Sommerfeldt S, I.A., Brechtel A, Keller A. Psychoonkologisches Screening in der Routineversorgung. Psychosomatik und Konsiliarpsychiatrie 2007; 1: 293-297
• 915 Dobos GJ. et al. Integrative oncology for breast cancer patients: introduction of an expert- based model. BMC Cancer 2012; 12: 539
• 916 Cramer H. et al. Integrative Oncology: Best of Both Worlds 2014;Theoretical, Practical, and Research Issues. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2013; 2013: 6
• 917 Horneber M. et al. How many cancer patients use complementary and alternative medicine: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Integr Cancer Ther 2012; 11: 187-203
• 918 Ernst A, Klein S. Komplementäre und alternative Methoden bei Krebs einordnen und bewerten. Dtsch med Wochenschr 2017; 142: 873-881
• 919 Hubner J. et al. Counseling cancer patients on complementary and alternative medicine. Background, theory, and implementation of nationwide counseling facilities. Strahlenther Onkol 2013; 189: 613-617
• 920 Huebner J. et al. Integrating cancer patients’ perspectives into treatment decisions and treatment evaluation using patient-reported outcomes – a concept paper. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl) 2014; 23: 173-179
• 921 Frenkel M, Cohen L. Effective communication about the use of complementary and integrative medicine in cancer care. J Altern Complement Med 2014; 20: 12-18
• 922 Roter DL. et al. Communication predictors and consequences of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) discussions in oncology visits. Patient Educ Couns 2016; 99: 1519-1525
• 923 Johnson SB. et al. Use of alternative medicine for cancer and its impact on survival. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2017; 35 (Suppl. 15) e18175-e18175
• 924 Holmes MM, Bishop FL, Calman L. „I just googled and read everything“: Exploring breast cancer survivors’ use of the internet to find information on complementary medicine. Complement Ther Med 2017; 33: 78-84
• 925 Lee RT. et al. National survey of US oncologists’ knowledge, attitudes, and practice patterns regarding herb and supplement use by patients with cancer. J Clin Oncol 2014; 32: 4095-4101
• 926 Kim KC. et al. Quality of life, immunomodulation and safety of adjuvant mistletoe treatment in patients with gastric carcinoma – a randomized, controlled pilot study. BMC Complement Altern Med 2012; 12: 172
• 927 Kienle GS, Kiene H. Review article: Influence of Viscum album L (European mistletoe) extracts on quality of life in cancer patients: a systematic review of controlled clinical studies. Integr Cancer Ther 2010; 9: 142-157
• 928 Kleeberg UR. et al. Final results of the EORTC 18871/DKG 80-1 randomised phase III trial. rIFN-alpha2b versus rIFN-gamma versus ISCADOR M versus observation after surgery in melanoma patients with either high-risk primary (thickness >3 mm) or regional lymph node metastasis. Eur J Cancer 2004; 40: 390-402
• 929 Steuer-Vogt MK. et al. Influence of ML-1 standardized mistletoe extract on the quality of life in head and neck cancer patients. HNO 2006; 54: 277-286
• 930 Ostermann T, Bussing A. Retrolective studies on the survival of cancer patients treated with mistletoe extracts: a meta-analysis. Explore (NY) 2012; 8: 277-281
• 931 Ostermann T, Raak C, Bussing A. Survival of cancer patients treated with mistletoe extract (Iscador): a systematic literature review. BMC Cancer 2009; 9: 451
• 932 Horneber MA. et al. Mistletoe therapy in oncology. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008: CD003297
• 933 Büssing A, Raak C, Ostermann T. Quality of Life and Related Dimensions in Cancer Patients Treated with Mistletoe Extract (Iscador): A Meta-Analysis. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine: eCAM 2012; 2012: 219402
• 934 Ostermann T, Büssing A. Retrolective Studies on the Survival of Cancer Patients Treated With Mistletoe Extracts: A Meta-analysis. EXPLORE: The Journal of Science and Healing 2012; 8: 277-281
• 935 Ostermann T, Raak C, Büssing A. Survival of cancer patients treated with mistletoe extract (Iscador): a systematic literature review. BMC Cancer 2009; 9: 451
• 936 Yang J. et al. Chinese herbal medicines for induction of remission in advanced or late gastric cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013: CD005096
• 937 Zhang M, Li J, He L. et al. Chinese medicinal herbs to treat the side-effects of chemotherapy in breast cancer patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; 18: CD004921
• 938 Taixiang W, Munro AJ, Guanjian L. Chinese medical herbs for chemotherapy side effects in colorectal cancer patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005: CD004540
• 939 Redman MG, Ward EJ, Phillips RS. The efficacy and safety of probiotics in people with cancer: a systematic review. Ann Oncol 2014; 25: 1919-1929
• 940 Chiu HY, Hsieh YJ, Tsai PS. Systematic review and meta-analysis of acupuncture to reduce cancer-related pain. European Journal of Cancer Care 2017; 26: e12457 . doi: 10.1111/ecc.12457
• 941 Paley CA. et al. Acupuncture for cancer pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011: CD007753
• 942 Wu X. et al. Effectiveness of acupuncture and related therapies for palliative care of cancer: overview of systematic reviews. Sci Rep 2015; 5: 16776
• 943 Lau CH. et al. Acupuncture and Related Therapies for Symptom Management in Palliative Cancer Care: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95: e2901
• 944 Haddad NE, Palesh O. Acupuncture in the treatment of cancer-related psychological symptoms. Integr Cancer Ther 2014; 13: 371-385
• 945 Gotink RA. et al. Standardised Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Healthcare: An Overview of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of RCTs. PLoS ONE 2015; 10: e0124344
• 946 Rush SE, Sharma M. Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction as a Stress Management Intervention for Cancer Care: A Systematic Review. Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine 2017; 22: 348-360 . https://doi.org/10.1177/2156587216661467
• 947 Sharma M, Haider T, Knowlden AP. Yoga as an alternative and complementary treatment for cancer: a systematic review. J Altern Complement Med 2013; 19: 870-875
• 948 Mustian KM. Yoga as Treatment for Insomnia Among Cancer Patients and Survivors: A Systematic Review. European medical journal Oncology 2013; 1: 106-115
• 949 Lin KY. et al. Effects of Yoga on Psychological Health, Quality of Life, and Physical Health of Patients with Cancer: A Meta-Analysis. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine: eCAM 2011; 2011: 659876
• 950 Lee SH. et al. Meta-Analysis of Massage Therapy on Cancer Pain. Integr Cancer Ther 2015; 14: 297-304
• 951 Shin ES. et al. Massage with or without aromatherapy for symptom relief in people with cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016: CD009873
• 952 Chen PY, Liu YM, Chen ML. The Effect of Hypnosis on Anxiety in Patients With Cancer: A Meta-Analysis. Worldviews Evid Based Nurs 2017; 14: 223-236
• 953 Tascilar M. et al. Complementary and alternative medicine during cancer treatment: beyond innocence. Oncologist 2006; 11: 732-741
• 954 Kassab S. et al. Homeopathic medicines for adverse effects of cancer treatments. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009: CD004845
• 955 Wolf E et al. Thymic peptides for treatment of cancer patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011: CD003993
• 956 Ärztliches Zentrum für Qualität in der Medizin (ÄZQ), Kompendium Q-M-A. Qualitätsmanagement in der ambulanten Versorgung, ed. Dt. Ärzte-Verl; 2008 3.ed.
• 957 Ärztliches Zentrum für Qualität in der Medizin (ÄZQ). Manual Qualitätsindikatoren. Manual für Autoren. Schriftenreihe 36 2009. Available from: https://www.aezq.de/mdb/edocs/pdf/schriftenreihe/schriftenreihe36.pdf
• 958 Leitlinienprogramm Onkologie (Deutsche Krebsgesellschaft (DKG), D.K.D. Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften (AWMF)), Entwicklung von Leitlinien basierten Qualitätsindikatoren. Methodenpapier für das Leitlinienprogramm Onkologie. Version 2.0. 2017. Berlin: 2017
• 959 Sugarbaker PH, Yu W, Yonemura Y. et al. Gastrectomy, peritonectomy, and perioperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy: The evolution of treatment strategies for advanced gastric cancer. Semin Surg Oncol 2003; 21: 233-248