Klin Padiatr 2019; 231(02): 87-92
DOI: 10.1055/a-0856-7296
Originalarbeit
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Anwendbarkeit neonataler Schmerzscores in Abhängigkeit von Ausbildungsstand und Berufserfahrung in der Kinderpflege

Applicability of Neonatal Pain Scores depending on Level of Education and Work Experience in Child Care
Johanna Kaiser
1   Dept. of General Pediatrics and Neonatology, University of Giessen, Giessen
2   Sonnenhang Bad Wünnenberg
,
Jan de Laffolie
1   Dept. of General Pediatrics and Neonatology, University of Giessen, Giessen
,
Judith Kappesser
3   Dept. of Psychology, University of Giessen, Giessen
,
Harald Ehrhardt
1   Dept. of General Pediatrics and Neonatology, University of Giessen, Giessen
,
Boris Utsch
1   Dept. of General Pediatrics and Neonatology, University of Giessen, Giessen
4   Dept. of Pediatrics, Herford Hospital, Herford
,
Christiane Hermann
3   Dept. of Psychology, University of Giessen, Giessen
› Institutsangaben
Weitere Informationen

Publikationsverlauf

Publikationsdatum:
21. März 2019 (online)

Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund Neben der Schmerzprävention kommt der Schmerzbestimmung und -therapie durch Pflegekräfte eine wichtige Rolle im Schmerzmanagement in der Neonatologie zu. Durch einen Vergleich einer Gruppe weniger erfahrener Pflegeschüler mit erfahrenen Pflegekräften in der Nutzung beider Methoden unter standardisierten Bedingungen soll getestet werden, ob der Ausbildungsstand und die Erfahrung der Pflegekraft allgemein sowie speziell mit Neugeborenen die Nutzung scorebasierter oder subjektiver Diagnosehilfsmittel beeinflusst.

Methodik Zur Datenerhebung scorten 44 Pflegeschüler der Krankenpflegeschule und 35 Personen des Pflegepersonals zweier Universitätskliniken den Premature Infant Pain Profile Score (PIPP) – ein 7 dimensionaler Schmerzscore – für 10 Videosequenzen von schmerzhaften Prozeduren an Früh- und Neugeborenen. Die subjektive Einschätzung des Schmerzes wurde durch eine zusätzliche Numerische Rating Skala (NRS) verzeichnet.

Ergebnisse Im Gegensatz zur Anwendung von eindimensionalen Schmerzmessinstrumenten lassen sich bei der Anwendung des PIPP keine Unterschiede zwischen den Ausbildungsständen „Schüler“ und „erfahrene Pflegekräfte“ entdecken. Auch die Berufserfahrung mit Neugeborenen hat scheinbar keinen Einfluss auf die Gesamtwerte des PIPP. Bei der subjektiven Einschätzung der Schmerzen mittels NRS schätzen die Schüler den Schmerz geringer ein als die erfahrenen Pflegekräfte. Diese Ergebnisse sind jedoch nicht signifikant.

Schlussfolgerung Die Anwendung des PIPP durch Schüler ist der Anwendung durch erfahrene Pflegekräfte ebenbürtig. Auch die Berufserfahrung mit Neugeborenen in den beiden Gruppen hat scheinbar keinen Einfluss. Beide Gruppen zeigen eine mäßige Streuung der Gesamtwerte (z. B. Video 1: 10,5 [9–12] vs. 10 [6,3–11]).

Abstract

Introduction In management of pain the nursing staff plays a major role in measuring, preventing and treating pain. The influence of general work experience and experience with newborns was investigated by comparing PIPP and NRS measurements in groups with work experience and student nurses.

Methods 44 students of the nursing school and 35 members of the staff of 2 university hospitals scored the Premature Infant Pain Profile PIPP – a 7 dimensional measurement tool – for 10 videos of painful procedures on preterm and newborn. The subjective impression of the patients’ pain was obtained by a NRS.

Results In contrast to the application of one dimensional measurement tools there were no differences between the groups with different experience levels. Also the work experience with newborn did not seem to influence the total PIPP score. Certainly both groups showed a moderate dispersion of the total values (e. g. Video 1: 10,5 [9–12] vs. 10 [3–11]). In NRS students rated the pain lower than experienced nurses. These results were not significant.

Conclusion The application of PIPP by students was equal to the application by experienced nurses. The work experience with newborn did not seem to influence the rating. Certainly both groups showed a moderate dispersion of total values (e. g. Video 1: 10,5 [9–12] vs. 10 [3–11]).

Ergänzendes Material

 
  • Literatur

  • 1 Ballantyne M, Stevens B, McAllister M. et al. Validation of the premature infant pain profile in the clinical setting. The Clinical journal of pain 1999; 15: 297-303
  • 2 Bhutta A.nT., Anand KJS. Vulnerability of the developing brain. Neuronal mechanisms. Clin Perinatol 2002; 29: 357-372
  • 3 Bland JM, Altman DG. Multiple significance tests: the Bonferroni method. BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 1995; 310: 170
  • 4 Bouza H. The impact of pain in the immature brain. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2009; 22: 722-732
  • 5 Carbajal R. Epidemiology and treatment of painful procedures in neonates in intensive care units. JAMA 2008; 300 S. 60-70
  • 6 Choinière M, Melzack R, Girard N. et al. Comparisons between patients̛ and nurses̛ assessment of pain and medication efficacy in severe burn injuries. Pain 1990; 40: 143-152
  • 7 Chuk P. Determining the accuracy of pain assessment of senior student nurses: a clinical vignette approach. Nurse Education Today 2002; 22: 393-400
  • 8 Craig KD, Korol CT, Pillai RR. Challenges of judging pain in vulnerable infants. Clin Perinatol 2002; 29: 445-457
  • 9 Craig KD, Whitfield MF, Grunau RV. et al. Pain in the preterm neonate: behavioural and physiological indices. Pain 1993; 52: 287-299
  • 10 Favaloro R, Touzel B. A comparison of adolescents̛ and nurses̛ postoperative pain ratings and perceptions. Pediatric nursing 1990; 16: 414-416 424
  • 11 Fitzgerald M. What do we really know about newborn infant pain?. Experimental Physioogyl 2015; 100.12: 1451-1457
  • 12 Fuller BF, Neu M, Smith M. The influence of background clinical data on infant pain assessments. Clinical nursing research 1999; 8: 179-187
  • 13 Halfens R, Evers G, Abu-Saad H. Determinants of pain assessment by nurses. Int J Nurs Stud 1990; 27: 43-49
  • 14 Hall-Lord ML, Larsson BW. Registered nurses̛ and student nurses̛ assessment of pain and distress related to specific patient and nurse characteristics. Nurse education today 2006; 26: 377-387
  • 15 Johnston CC, Stevens BJ, Franck LS. et al. Factors explaining lack of response to heel stick in preterm newborns. Journal of obstetric, gynecologic, and neonatal nursing: JOGNN / NAACOG 1999; 28: 587-594
  • 16 Jonsdottir RB, Kristjansdottir G. The sensitivity of the premature infant pain profile – PIPP to measure pain in hospitalized neonates. Journal of evaluation in clinical practice 2005; 11: 598-605
  • 17 Lautenbacher S, Niewelt BG, Kunz M. Decoding Pain from the Facial Display of Patients with Dementia: A Comparison of Professional and Nonprofessional Observers. Pain Medicine 2013; 14: 469-477
  • 18 Lenburg CB, Glass HP, Davitz LJ. Inferences of physical pain and psychological distress in relation to the stage of the patient̛s illness and occupation of the perceiver. Nurs Res 1970; 19: 392-398
  • 19 McKinley S, Botti M. Nurses̛ assessment of pain in hospitalised patients. The Australian journal of advanced nursing: A quarterly publication of the Royal Australian Nursing Federation. 1991; 9: 8-14
  • 20 McNair C, Ballantyne M, Dionne K. et al. Postoperative pain assessment in the neonatal intensive care unit. Archives of disease in childhood. Fetal and neonatal edition 2004; 89: F537-F541
  • 21 Pasero C. Pain assessment in infants and young children: Premature Infant Pain Profile. Am J Nurs 2002; 102: 105-106
  • 22 Rajasagaram U. Taylor McD D, Braitberg G.. et al. Paediatric pain assessment: differences between triage nurse, child and parent. Journal of paediatrics and child health 2009; 45: 199-203
  • 23 Ruben MA, van Osch M, Blanch-Hartigan D. Healthcare providers̛ accuracy in assessing patients̛ pain: A systematic review. Patient education and counseling 2015; 98: 1197-1206
  • 24 Shomaker K, Dutton S, Mark M. Pain Prevalence and Treatment Patterns in a US Children̛s Hospital. Hospital pediatrics 2015; 5: 363-370
  • 25 Sjöström B, Haljamäe H, Dahlgren LO. et al. Assessment of postoperative pain: impact of clinical experience and professional role. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1997; 41: 339-344
  • 26 Slater R, Cantarella A, Franck L. et al. How well do clinical pain assessment tools reflect pain in infants?. PLoS medicine 2008; 5: e129
  • 27 Stevens B. Pain Management in Progressed in Newborns: How Far Have We Research and Practice?. BIRTH 1996; 23: 229-235
  • 28 Stevens B, Gibbins S, Yamada J. et al. The Premature Infant Pain Profile-Revised (PIPP-R), Initial Validation and Feasibility. Clin J Pain 2014; 30: 238-243
  • 29 Stevens B, Johnston C, Taddio A. et al. The premature infant pain profile: evaluation 13 years after development. Clin J Pain 2010; 26: 813-830
  • 30 Walkenstein M. Comparison of burned patients̛ perception of pain with nurses̛ perception of patients pain. J Burn Care Rehabil 1982; 3: 233-236