Biobanking in der Psychiatrie

Zusammenfassung

Biobanking in der Medizin betrifft den Aufbau und Betrieb von umfangreichen biologischen Probendepots in Verbindung mit umfassenden Datenarchiven, die klinische und biografische Probandeninformationen enthalten. Hierdurch sollen Proben von kontrollierter hoher und konstanter Qualität für zukünftige Forschungsprojekte bereitgestellt werden. Eine wesentliche Zielsetzung ist es, diverse Blutkomponenten für unterschiedliche biochemische Analysen und experimentelle Ansätze zu asservieren einschließlich verschiedener isolierter Blutzellfraktionen. Bei geeigneter Kryokonservierung können Blutzellen nach dem Auftauen revitalisiert werden, um als in-vitro-Zellmodelle mit biologischen Merkmalen des Spenderorganismus verwendet zu werden. Durch Optimierung der präanalytischen Methoden kann die präanalytische Varianz reduziert und dadurch eine höhere Präzision der analytischen Daten erreicht werden. Dies ist für multivariate Analysen biologischer Systeme („omics“) und die Biomarkerforschung von besonderer Bedeutung. Biobanking in der Psychiatrie hat die spezielle Herausforderung, eine höhere Kompatibilität diagnostischer Zuordnungen mit biologischen Entitäten zu erreichen, als dies durch die gegenwärtigen Diagnosekategorien gem. ICD-10 oder DSM-V ermöglicht wird. Dazu können diagnostische oder transdiagnostische Subgruppen stratifiziert werden, anhand biologisch verankerter klinischer Zusatzkriterien oder psychobiologischer Funktionsparameter. Ein wichtiger ethischer Aspekt im Zusammenhang mit Biobanking ist die Erfordernis für eine erweiterte Einwilligung („broad consent“) der Spender in künftige, noch zu spezifizierende Forschungsprojekte. Der organisatorische, logistische und ökonomische Aufwand für den Aubau und Betrieb einer Biobank ist erheblich, scheint aber berechtigt mit Blick auf hierdurch erreichbare Qualitätsverbesserungen der biomedizinischen Forschung, insbesondere im Bereich der Translation und klinischen Anwendungsentwicklung.

Abstract

Medical biobanking is concerned with establishing and maintaining large-scale repositories of biological specimens combined with comprehensive archives of clinical and biographical information on donors. This aims for controlled high and consistent quality of specimens for future biomedical research. One major objective is to assemble multiple blood components for various types of biochemical analysis and experimentation including different isolated cell types. With proper cryo-conservation, blood-derived cells can be conserved and revitalized after thawing and employed as in-vitro cell models carrying specific biological traits of donors. Optimizing pre-analytical methods can reduce pre-analytical variance thereby reducing imprecision of analytical data. This is particularly valuable for multivariate analyses of biological systems (“omics”) and biomarker research. Introducing biobanking to psychiatry carries the challenge of making diagnostic allocation more compatible with biological entities than is achieved with current diagnostic categories of ICD-10 or DSM-V. Diagnostic or transdiagnostic subgroups can be stratified using biologically anchored clinical criteria. An important ethical issue of biobanking is the need for broad consent by the donors for specimen use in not yet defined future research projects. The organizational, logistic and financial costs of establishing and maintaining a biobank are considerable, but seem well warranted in view of the gainable advances in biomedical research quality, translations and clinical applications.

Schlüsselwörter

Biobank - Biomarker - Präanalytik - Omics

Key words

Biomarker - Biobanking - Preanalytics - Omics

Publication History

Received: 02 October 2018

Accepted: 08 January 2019

Article published online:
15 June 2020

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