Barrett-Screening: Rationale, aktuelle Konzepte und Perspektiven

Zusammenfassung

Der Barrett-Ösophagus (BE) stellt den wichtigsten Risikofaktor für das ösophageale Adenokarzinom dar. Derzeit ist kein hinreichend effizientes Screening-Programm verfügbar, um in der Gesamtpopulation Patienten mit einem hohen Risiko für ein ösophageales Adenokarzinom auf dem Boden eines Barrett-Ösophagus zu identifizieren. Das aktuelle endoskopische Screening zielt auf symptomatische Refluxpatienten, aus denen sich aber nur ein Teil der Risikopatienten rekrutiert. Derzeit werden verschiedene neue Verfahren untersucht, die die Effektivität des Screenings deutlich erhöhen könnten.

Selektive Literaturrecherche in MEDLINE/PubMed unter Berücksichtigung deutscher und internationaler Leitlinien.

Alternative Screening-Verfahren könnten zweistufig angelegt sein: Zunächst die Identifikation von Personen „at risk“ über eine Erfassung geeigneter biologischer Marker, dann deren gezielte endoskopisch-bioptische Abklärung, Risikostratifikation, Überwachung (Surveillance) und ggf. Therapie. Neue diagnostische Methoden wie der Cytosponge^® in Kombination mit einer Auswertung von Markern für Barrett-Schleimhaut könnten einen wesentlichen Fortschritt darstellen.

Barrett-Karzinome zeigen nach wie vor eine zunehmende Inzidenz und eine (trotz therapeutischer Fortschritte) ungünstige Prognose, wobei aber Patienten mit Barrett-Frühkarzinomen eine gute Prognose hinsichtlich Langzeitüberleben aufweisen. Eine verbesserte Früherkennung ist dringend wünschenswert, da bisher die meisten Patienten erst im fortgeschrittenen Stadium endoskopisch diagnostiziert werden, was eine kurative Therapie erschwert. Nur eine effiziente frühzeitige Identifizierung von Risikopatienten mit Barrett-Ösophagus durch ein praktikables Screening-Programm auf Populationsebene wird zur Verbesserung der Prognose beitragen können.

Abstract

Though showing an increasing incidence over the past 20 years, esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) remains a rather uncommon cancer (i. e., compared to colorectal and gastric cancer). Once detected, the prognosis of this cancer entity is still very poor. Hence, in spite of some unfavorable prerequisites to systematic screening, the development of a screening concept for Barrett’s esophagus (BE) and EAC seems worthwhile. Nowadays, screening for BE and EAC is based on conventional endoscopy, mostly conducted individually in patients with reflux complaints (gastroesophageal reflux disease—GERD). Biopsies are taken obligatorily and are the centerpiece of diagnosis and scheduling of surveillance. So far, endoscopy is the diagnostic gold standard, but it is expensive and obviously lacks effectiveness—8 of 10 cases of EAC are not detected in endoscopic screening (and surveillance) but by an opportunistic first-time endoscopy. Therefore, new methods for BE/EAC screening are strongly desirable. Research must be concentrated to favor procedures applicable for a screening of the population in a primary care setting. For that, the first step needs to consist of identifying a subgroup of people “at risk”, which in a second step can be risk assessed and followed up by endoscopy and biopsy. From all screening variants, which have been actually tested in clinical application and experimental research, biomarker-based techniques seem to be most promising. Among those-under the aspect of costs and practicability-the Cytosponge, in addition with a panel of biomarkers, seemed to be promising in clinical trials.

Schlüsselwörter

Barrett-Ösophagus - ösophageales Adenokarzinom - Überwachung - Endoskopie

Key words

Barrett’s esophagus - esophageal adenocarcinoma - surveillance - endoscopy

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