Antibiotikatherapie von Infektionen bei Verbrennungspatienten – Eine systematische Übersichtsarbeit

Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund Durch den Verlust der natürlichen Hautbarrierefunktion und folglich reduzierter Immunkompetenz infolge eines Plasmaverlustes sowie zahlreichen intensivmedizinischen Interventionen sind Verbrennungspatienten besonders gefährdet für Infektionen.

Studiendesign Systematische Übersichtsarbeit

Methoden In einer systematischen Übersicht der deutsch- und englischsprachigen Literatur zwischen 1990 und 2018 werden epidemiologische und diagnostische Aspekte sowie der therapeutische Einsatz von Antibiotika bei Infektionen von Verbrennungspatienten in klinischen Studien analysiert.

Ergebnisse Insgesamt erfüllten 53 randomisiert kontrollierte klinische Studien die Auswahlkriterien. Untersucht wurden verschiedene Arten/Applikationsformen der antibiotischen Prophylaxe bei Verbrennungswunden: Topisch, systemisch (generell), systemisch (perioperativ), nicht absorbierbare Antibiotika (= selektive Darmdekontamination), lokal (inhaliert) und jegliche Applikationsformen versus Kontrolle. Die frühe „Postburn-Prophylaxe“ wurde bei Patienten mit geringgradiger Verbrennung (sechs Studien) und Patienten mit schwerer Verbrennung (sieben Studien) untersucht. Die antimikrobielle Prophylaxe zeigte keine präventive Wirksamkeit des toxischen Schocksyndroms bei geringgradigen Verbrennungen, ist aber bei Patienten mit schweren Verbrennungen und der Notwendigkeit einer mechanischen Beatmung nützlich. Die perioperative Prophylaxe (= Metaphylaxe) wurde in zehn Studien untersucht.

Schlussfolgerung Der Nutzen für eine längerfristige systemische antibiotische Prophylaxe bei der Mehrheit von Verbrennungspatienten ist nicht evident. Leichte Infektionen in stabilem klinischen Zustand sind engmaschig zu beobachten, während bei schwerer Infektion die internationalen Sepsis-Leitlinien und das Tarragona-Prinzip empfohlen werden.

Abstract

Background Due to the loss of the natural skin barrier function with reduced immune competence as a result of a plasma loss and the numerous intensive care interventions, burn patients are particularly at risk for infection.

Study design systematic review

Methods A systematic review of German and English literature between 1990 and 2018 analyzes the epidemiological and diagnostic aspects as well as the therapeutic use of antibiotics in infections of burn patients in clinical trials.

Results A total number of 53 randomized controlled clinical trials met the inclusion criteria. Various types / forms of application of antibiotic prophylaxis in burn wounds were investigated: topically, systemically (generally), systemically (perioperatively), nonabsorbable antibiotics (= selective intestinal decontamination), locally (inhaled) and all forms of administration versus control. Early postburn prophylaxis was studied in low-severity patients (six studies) and severe burn patients (seven studies). Antimicrobial prophylaxis has shown no effectiveness in the prevention of toxic shock syndrome in low grade burns, but can be useful in patients with severe burns in need for mechanical ventilation. Perioperative prophylaxis has been studied in ten studies.

Conclusion The benefit of long-term systemic antibiotic prophylaxis in the majority of burn patients is not evident. Mild infections in stable clinical conditions should be closely monitored, while in severe infections, international sepsis guidelines and the Tarragona principle are recommended.

Schlüsselwörter

Verbrennung - Infektion - Antibiotika

Key words

burn - infection - antibiotics

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