Ertrinkungsunfälle bei Kindern und Jugendlichen

Jakob Olfe; Urda Gottschalk; Dominique Singer

doi:10.1055/a-0759-7605

Pädiatrie up2date, Table of Contents

Pädiatrie up2date 2018; 13(04): 371-392
DOI: 10.1055/a-0759-7605

Spezielle Themen in der Pädiatrie

Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Ertrinkungsunfälle bei Kindern und Jugendlichen

Jakob Olfe

,

Urda Gottschalk

,

Dominique Singer

Abstract

All articles of this category

Ertrinkungsunfälle treten gehäuft im Kindes- und Jugendalter auf. Infolge der zerebralen Hypoxie besteht gerade nach Warmwasserertrinken oft eine schlechte neurologische Prognose. Andererseits zeigen Kleinkinder nach Kaltwasserertrinken gelegentlich überraschend gute Reanimationserfolge. Tief hypotherme Kinder sollten deshalb in ein Zentrum transportiert werden, das bei entsprechender Kreislaufinstabilität über die Möglichkeit zur extrakorporalen Wiedererwärmung verfügt.

Schlüsselwörter

Wasserunfall - Ertrinkung - Kind - Hypoxie - Hypothermie - Aspiration - Extra-Corporeal Life Support (ECLS)

Full Text

References

Literatur
1 Bierens JJLM. ed. Handbook on Drowning: Prevention, Rescue, Treatment. Berlin: Springer; 2006
2 Modell JH. Drowning. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 253-256
3 Harries M. Near drowning. BMJ 2003; 327: 1336-1338
4 Szpilman D, Bierens JJ, Handley AJ. et al. Drowning. N Engl J Med 2012; 366: 2102-2110
5 Singer D. Ertrinkungsunfälle im Kindesalter. Notfallmedizin up2date 2007; 2: 301-324
6 World Health Organization (WHO). Global report on drowning: preventing a leading killer. Genf: WHO Press; 2014
7 Wintemute GJ. Childhood drowning and near-drowning in the United States. Am J Dis Child 1990; 144: 663-669
8 Driscoll TR, Harrison JA, Steenkamp M. Review of the role of alcohol in drowning associated with recreational aquatic activity. Inj Prev 2004; 10: 107-113
9 Deutsche Lebens-Rettung-Gesellschaft (DLRG) e.V.. DLRG zieht traurige Bilanz: Erstmals seit 10 Jahren wieder über 500 Menschen ertrunken (Presseinformation). Im Internet: https://www.dlrg.de/fileadmin/user_upload/DLRG.de/Ak-Layout2013/Presse/Statistik2016/20170316_PM_Statistik_Ertrinken_2016.pdf Stand: 05.05.2018
10 van Beeck EF, Branche CM, Szpilman D. et al. A new definition of drowning: towards documentation and prevention of a global public health problem. Bull World Health Organ 2005; 83: 853-856
11 Huckenbeck W, Tsokos M, Muth CM. Der Tod im Wasser („Arzt und …“, Bd 5). Düsseldorf: Universitätsklinikum, Institut für Rechtsmedizin; 2004
12 Bierens JJ, Lunetta P, Tipton M. et al. Physiology of drowning: a review. Physiology 2016; 31: 147-166
13 Cantwell GP, Verive MJ. Drowning. MedScape 2016. Im Internet: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/772753-overview;%20Stand:%2005.05.2018 Stand: 05.05.2018
14 Shattock MJ, Tipton MJ. ‘Autonomic conflict’: a different way to die during cold water immersion?. J Physiol 2012; 590: 3219-3230
15 Tester DJ, Medeiros-Domingo A, Will ML. et al. Unexplained drownings and the cardiac channelopathies: a molecular autopsy series. Mayo Clin Proc 2011; 86: 941-947
16 Franklin RC, Pearn JH, Peden AE. Drowning fatalities in childhood: the role of pre-existing medical conditions. Arch Dis Child 2017; 102: 888-893
17 Singer D, Bretschneider HJ. Metabolic reduction in hypothermia: Pathophysiological problems and natural examples – Part 1/2. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1990; 38: 205-211 212–219
18 Singer D. Warum 37 °C? Evolutionäre Grundlagen der Thermoregulation. Anaesthesist 2007; 56: 899-906
19 Gekle M, Singer D, Jessen C. Temperaturregulation und Wärmehaushalt. In: Pape HC, Kurtz A, Silbernagl S. Hrsg. Physiologie. 8. Aufl.. Stuttgart: Thieme; 2018: 566-584
20 Hilmo J, Naesheim T, Gilbert M. “Nobody is dead until warm and dead”: prolonged resuscitation is warranted in arrested hypothermic victims also in remote areas – a retrospective study from northern Norway. Resuscitation 2014; 85: 1204-1211
21 Gilbert M, Busund R, Skagseth A. et al. Resuscitation from accidental hypothermia of 13.7 degrees C with circulatory arrest. Lancet 2000; 355: 375-376
22 Boyd J, Brugger H, Shuster M. Prognostic factors in avalanche resuscitation: a systematic review. Resuscitation 2010; 81: 645-652
23 Brugger H, Putzer G, Paal P. Akzidentelle Hypothermie. Anaesthesist 2013; 62: 624-631
24 Katragkou A, Dotis J, Kotsiou M. et al. Scedosporium apiospermum infection after near-drowning. Mycoses 2007; 50: 412-421
25 Kemp AM, Mott AM, Sibert JR. Accidents and child abuse in bathtub submersions. Arch Dis Child 1994; 70: 435-438
26 Lavelle JM, Shaw KN, Seidl T. et al. Ten-year review of pediatric bathtub near-drownings: evaluation for child abuse and neglect. Ann Emerg Med 1995; 25: 344-348
27 Watson RS, Cummings P, Quan L. et al. Cervical spine injuries among submersion victims. J Trauma 2001; 51: 658-662
28 Hwang V, Shofer FS, Durbin DR. et al. Prevalence of traumatic injuries in drowning and near drowning in children and adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2003; 157: 50-53
29 Kyriacou DN, Arcinue EL, Peek C. et al. Effect of immediate resuscitation on children with submersion injury. Pediatrics 1994; 94: 137-142
30 Farr KM, Camp EA, Yusuf S. et al. Vomiting is not associated with poor outcomes in pediatric victims of unintentional submersions. Am J Emerg Med 2015; 33: 626-630
31 Bierens JJ, Warner DS. Drowning resuscitation requires another state of mind. Resuscitation 2013; 84: 1467-1469
32 Truhlář A, Deakin CD, Soar J. et al. Kreislaufstillstand in besonderen Situationen (Kapitel 4 der Leitlinien zur Reanimation 2015 des European Resuscitation Council). Notfall Rettungsmed 2015; 18: 833-903
33 Omar HR. The Osborn wave: what have we learned?. Herz 2016; 41: 48-56
34 Idris AH, Bierens JJLM, Perkins GD. et al. 2015 Revised Utstein-Style Recommended Guidelines for Uniform Reporting of Data From Drowning-Related Resuscitation: An ILCOR Advisory Statement. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2017; 10: e00024 doi:10.1161/HCQ.0000000000000024
35 De Caen A. Management of profound hypothermia in children without the use of extracorporeal life support. Lancet 2002; 360: 1394-1395
36 Singer D. Ertrinkungsunfall eines Kleinkindes im Gartenteich. Notfallmedizin up2date 2012; 7: 9-13
37 Coskun KO, Popov AF, Schmitto JD. et al. Extracorporeal circulation for rewarming in drowning and near-drowning pediatric patients. Artif Organs 2010; 34: 1026-1030
38 Suominen PK, Vallila NH, Hartikainen LM. et al. Outcome of drowned hypothermic children with cardiac arrest treated with cardiopulmonary bypass. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2010; 54: 1276-1281
39 Auerbach PS. Some people are dead when theyʼre cold and dead. JAMA 1990; 264: 1856-1857
40 Schaller MD, Fischer AP, Perret CH. Hyperkalemia: a prognostic factor during acute severe hypothermia. JAMA 1990; 264: 1842-1845
41 Brodmann Maeder M, Dünser M, Eberle B. et al. The Bernese Hypothermia Algorithm: a consensus paper on in-hospital decision-making and treatment of patients in hypothermic cardiac arrest at an alpine level 1 trauma centre. Injury 2011; 42: 539-543
42 Romlin BS, Winberg H, Janson M. et al. Excellent outcome with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation after accidental profound hypothermia (13.8 °C) and drowning. Crit Care Med 2015; 43: e521-e525
43 Eich C, Bräuer A, Timmermann A. et al. Outcome of 12 drowned children with attempted resuscitation on cardiopulmonary bypass: an analysis of variables based on the “Utstein Style for Drowning”. Resuscitation 2007; 75: 42-52
44 Skarda D, Barnhart D, Scaife E. et al. Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (EC-CPR) for hypothermic arrest in children: Is meaningful survival a reasonable expectation?. J Pediatr Surg 2012; 47: 2239-2243
45 Champigneulle B, Bellenfant-Zegdi F, Follin A. et al. Extracorporeal life support (ECLS) for refractory cardiac arrest after drowning: an 11-year experience. Resuscitation 2015; 88: 126-131
46 Burke CR, Chan T, Brogan TV. et al. Extracorporeal life support for victims of drowning. Resuscitation 2016; 104: 19-23
47 Moler FW, Silverstein FS, Holubkov R. et al. (THAPCA Trial Investigators). Therapeutic hypothermia after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in children. N Engl J Med 2015; 372: 1898-1908
48 Moler FW, Hutchison JS, Nadkarni VM. et al. Targeted temperature management after pediatric cardiac arrest due to drowning. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2016; 17: 712-720
49 Brenner S, Eich C, Rellensmann G. et al. Empfehlung zum Temperaturmanagement nach Atem-Kreislauf-Stillstand und schwerem Schädel-Hirn-Trauma im Kindesalter jenseits der Neonatalperiode. Monatsschrift Kinderheilkd 2017; 165: 1112-1119
50 Onarheim H, Vik V. Porcine surfactant (Curosurf) for acute respiratory failure after near-drowning in 12 year old. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2004; 48: 778-781
51 Suominen P, Baillie C, Korpela R. et al. Impact of age, submersion time and water temperature on outcome in near-drowning. Resuscitation 2002; 52: 247-254
52 Quan L, Mack CD, Schiff MA. Association of water temperature and submersion duration and drowning outcome. Resuscitation 2014; 85: 790-794
53 Kieboom JK, Verkade HJ, Burgerhof JG. et al. Outcome after resuscitation beyond 30 minutes in drowned children with cardiac arrest and hypothermia: Dutch nationwide retrospective cohort study. BMJ 2015; 350: h418
54 Shenoi RP, Koerner CE, Cruz AT. et al. Factors Associated With Poor Outcome in Childhood Swimming Pool Submersions. Pediatr Emerg Care 2016; 32: 669-674
55 Quan L, Bierens JJLM, Lis R. et al. Predicting outcome of drowning at the scene: A systematic review and meta-analyses. Resuscitation 2016; 104: 63-75
56 Habib DM, Tecklenburg FW, Webb SA. et al. Prediction of childhood drowning and near-drowning morbidity and mortality. Pediatr Emerg Care 1996; 12: 255-258
57 Spack L, Gedeit R, Splaingard M. et al. Failure of aggressive therapy to alter outcome in pediatric near-drowning. Pediatr Emerg Care 1997; 13: 98-102
58 Suominen PK, Vähätalo R. Neurologic long term outcome after drowning in children. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2012; 20: 55
59 Bratton SL, Jardine DS, Morray JP. Serial neurologic examinations after near drowning and outcome. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1994; 148: 167-170
60 Fisher B, Peterson B, Hicks G. Use of brainstem auditory-evoked response testing to assess neurologic outcome following near drowning in children. Crit Care Med 1992; 20: 578-585
61 Heindl UT, Laub MC. Outcome of persistent vegetative state following hypoxic or traumatic brain injury in children or adolescents. Neuropediatrics 1996; 27: 94-100
62 Reynolds JC, Michiels EA, Nasiri M. et al. Observed long-term mortality after 18,000 person-years among survivors in a large regional drowning registry. Resuscitation 2017; 110: 18-25
63 Leek R, Aldag E, Nadeem I. et al. Scedosporiosis in a combined kidney and liver transplant recipient: a case report of possible transmission from a near-drowning donor. Case Rep Transplant 2016; 2016: 1879529 doi:10.1155/2016/1879529
64 American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Injury, Violence, and Poison Prevention. Prevention of drowning. Pediatrics 2010; 126: 178-185
65 Franklin RC, Pearn JH. Drowning for love: the aquatic victim-instead-of-rescuer syndrome: drowning fatalities involving those attempting to rescue a child. J Paediatr Child Health 2011; 47: 44-47