Sexuelle Identität, der Konsum von Alkohol und anderen Drogen, gesundheitliche Probleme und Behandlungsansätze: Ein unsystematischer Forschungsüberblick

Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund Die Zahlen von Menschen, die ihre sexuelle Identität nicht als heterosexuell sondern als schwul, lesbisch, bisexuell oder in einer anderen Kategorie definieren, steigen seit Jahren leicht an; man schätzt, dass in westlichen Ländern ca. 5% der Bevölkerung zu den sexuellen Minderheiten zu rechnen sind. Diese Studie ist darauf angelegt, die psychischen Problemlagen der sexuellen Minoritäten anhand US-amerikanischer Bevölkerungsstudien sowie weiterer wichtiger Studien aus anderen Ländern genauer darzustellen.

Ergebnisse Zusammenfassend ergibt sich Folgendes: Unabhängig vom Geschlecht liegt der Konsum von Alkohol und anderen Drogen sowie die Abhängigkeit von diesen Stoffen mindestens auf dem Niveau der heterosexuellen Männer. Lesbisch/schwule und bisexuelle Frauen sind noch etwas stärker durch den Konsum von psychoaktiven Substanzen belastet als schwule und bisexuelle Männer. Untersucht man Belastungen durch Depressionen und Suizidversuche, findet man wiederum bei den sexuellen Minoritäten höhere Belastungen. LSB-Frauen haben die höchsten Raten hinsichtlich Depressionen und Ängsten. Darüber hinaus weisen die Daten darauf hin, dass bisexuelle Männer und Frauen hohe psychische Belastungen haben. Alles in allem genommen ist davon auszugehen, dass die sexuellen Minoritäten einen relativ hohen Bedarf an Behandlungen ihrer psychischen Störungen haben. Dennoch gibt es bislang nur sehr wenige Behandlungsprogramme mit der Zielgruppe: sexuelle Minoritäten.

Schlussfolgerungen Wir benötigen dringend deutsche Studien zu sexuellen Minoritäten allgemein und besonders zu trans*  Personen mit ihren sehr spezifischen Problemlagen. Die Studien sollten neben den Substanzkonsumstörungen der sexuellen Minoritäten auch andere psychische Störungen erfassen. Kenntnisse über die psychische Befindlichkeit sexueller Minoritäten sind die Grundlage für optimale Behandlungsgestaltungen.

Abstract

Background The number of persons who do not identify as heterosexual but as gay, lesbian, bisexual or any other category increase since the last 20 years; in Western countries it is estimated that around 5% of the population belong to the groups of sexual minorities. This study is aimed at describing in more detail the substance use and mental health problems of sexual minorities along the results of US-American population studies as well as important studies form other countries.

Results In summary, the results are as follows: Consumption of alcohol and other drugs as well as substance dependence of sexual minorities are as high as those of heterosexual men. Women who identify as lesbian/gay or bisexual have somewhat higher problems than gay and bisexual men. Regarding mental health problems, especially depression and suicidal attempts, once again the problem rates of sexual minorities are higher than those of heterosexuals. LGB-women have highest rates with depressions and anxieties. Furthermore, data indicate a high burden of male and female bisexuals with mental health problems. Thus, sexual minorities have a rather high need of treatment for their mental health problems. Still, there are only a few treatment programs around which are designed for sexual minorities.

Conclusions German studies of sexual minorities and more so of trans* persons with their specific problems are dearly needed. The studies should produce as well data on substance use and abuse disorders as of mental disorders in general of sexual minorities. Knowledge regarding the mental wellbeing of sexual minorities is the basis to work out optimal treatment plans.

Schlüsselwörter

Sexuelle Minoritäten - Konsum von Alkohol und anderen Drogen - psychische Störungen - Behandlungsansätze

Key words

sexual minorities - consumption of alcohol and other drugs - mental health problems - treatment approaches

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