CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · Sports Med Int Open 2018; 02(02): E46-E51
DOI: 10.1055/a-0601-7250
Training & Testing
Eigentümer und Copyright ©Georg Thieme Verlag KG 2018

Wearing Colored Glasses can Influence Exercise Performance and Testosterone concentration?

André M. Londe
1   Human Performance and Sport Research Group, Department of Sport Science/Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
,
Moacir Marocolo
2   Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
,
Isabela Coelho Marocolo
1   Human Performance and Sport Research Group, Department of Sport Science/Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
,
James Fisher
3   Centre for Health, Exercise & Sport Science, Southampton Solent University, Southampton, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
,
Octavio Barbosa Neto
1   Human Performance and Sport Research Group, Department of Sport Science/Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
,
Markus Vinicius Campos Souza
1   Human Performance and Sport Research Group, Department of Sport Science/Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
,
Gustavo Ribeiro da Mota
1   Human Performance and Sport Research Group, Department of Sport Science/Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

received 06 February 2018
revised 14 March 2018

accepted 22 March 2018

Publication Date:
05 June 2018 (online)

Abstract

Perception of red color is associated with higher testosterone concentration and better human performance. Thus, we evaluated the acute effects of wearing colored-lens glasses on the YoYo intermittent endurance exercise test 2 (YoYoIE2) performance indicators and testosterone concentration. Ten soccer players performed three YoYoIE2 (counterbalanced crossover) wearing colorless (control), blue- or red-lensed glasses (2–4 days of rest in between). YoYoIE2 performance did not differ among the trials (p>0.05), but blood testosterone increased post-exercise in red compared to red baseline (red=14%, effect size=0.75). Analysis showed faster heart rate recovery (p<0.05) at 1 min post-test for blue compared to red lenses. Rating of perceived exertion and blood lactate concentration did not differ (p>0.05) among the trials. Wearing red-colored lenses during high-intensity intermittent exercise increased testosterone concentration, but do not influence performance.

 
  • References

  • 1 Andersson S, Pryke SR, Ornborg J, Lawes MJ, Andersson M. Multiple receivers, multiple ornaments, and a trade-off between agonistic and epigamic signaling in a widowbird. Am Nat 2002; 160: 683-691
  • 2 Attrill MJ, Gresty KA, Hill RA, Barton RA. Red shirt colour is associated with long-term team success in English football. J Sports Sci 2008; 26: 577-582
  • 3 Borg E, Kaijser L. A comparison between three rating scales for perceived exertion and two different work tests. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2006; 16: 57-69
  • 4 Bradley PS, Bendiksen M, Dellal A, Mohr M, Wilkie A, Datson N, Orntoft C, Zebis M, Gomez-Diaz A, Bangsbo J, Krustrup P. The application of the Yo-Yo intermittent endurance level 2 test to elite female soccer populations. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2014; 24: 43-54
  • 5 Bradley PS, Mohr M, Bendiksen M, Randers MB, Flindt M, Barnes C, Hood P, Gomez A, Andersen JL, Di Mascio M, Bangsbo J, Krustrup P. Sub-maximal and maximal Yo-Yo intermittent endurance test level 2: Heart rate response, reproducibility and application to elite soccer. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 111: 969-978
  • 6 Cohen J. Quantitative methods in psychology. A power primer. Psychol Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 1992; 112: 155-159
  • 7 Cook CJ, Kilduff LP, Crewther BT, Beaven M, West DJ. Morning-based strength training improves afternoon physical performance in rugby union players. J Sci Med Sport 2014; 17: 317-321
  • 8 Crane DK, Hensarling RW, Jung AP, Sands CD, Petrella JK. The effect of light color on muscular strength and power. Percept Mot Skills 2008; 106: 958-962
  • 9 Crewther BT, Cook CJ, Lowe TE, Weatherby RP, Gill N. The effects of short-cycle sprints on power, strength, and salivary hormones in elite rugby players. J Strength Cond Res 2011; 25: 32-39
  • 10 Cruz TMFd, Germano MD, Crisp AH, Sindorf MAG, Verlengia R, da Mota GR, Lopes CR. Does Pilates training change physical fitness in young basketball athletes?. J Exerc Physiol Online 2014; 17: 1-9
  • 11 da Mota GR, Marocolo M. The effects of ischemic preconditioning on human exercise performance: A counterpoint. Sports Med 2016; 46: 1575-1576
  • 12 da Mota GR, Thiengo CR, Gimenes SV, Bradley PS. The effects of ball possession status on physical and technical indicators during the 2014 FIFA World Cup Finals. J Sports Sci 2016; 34: 493-500
  • 13 da Silva BV, Simim MA, Marocolo M, Franchini E, da Mota GR. Optimal load for the peak power and maximal strength of the upper body in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 29: 1616-1621
  • 14 da Silva BV, Ide BN, de Moura Simim MA, Marocolo M, da Mota GR. Neuromuscular responses to simulated Brazilian jiu-jitsu fights. J Hum Kinet 2014; 44: 249-257
  • 15 Duffield R, Murphy A, Kellett A, Reid M. Recovery from repeated on-court tennis sessions: Combining cold-water immersion, compression, and sleep recovery interventions. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2014; 9: 273-282
  • 16 Estrada M, Espinosa A, Muller M, Jaimovich E. Testosterone stimulates intracellular calcium release and mitogen-activated protein kinases via a G protein-coupled receptor in skeletal muscle cells. Endocrinology 2003; 144: 3586-3597
  • 17 Farrelly D, Slater R, Elliott HR, Walden HR, Wetherell MA. Competitors who choose to be red have higher testosterone levels. Psychol Sci 2013; 24: 2122-2124
  • 18 Fell JW, Rayfield JM, Gulbin JP, Gaffney PT. Evaluation of the Accusport lactate analyser. Int J Sports Med 1998; 19: 199-204
  • 19 Fisher J, D'Amario D, Small C, Stopforth M. Effect of colored lenses on muscular performance. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2015; 55: 549-556
  • 20 García-Rubio MA, Picazo-Tadeo AJ, González-Gómez F. Does a red shirt improve sporting performance? Evidence from Spanish football. Appl Econ Lett 2011; 18: 1001-1004
  • 21 Garcia CA, da Mota GR, Marocolo M. Cold water immersion is acutely detrimental but increases performance post-12 h in rugby players. Int J Sports Med 2016; 37: 619-624
  • 22 Gaviglio CM, Crewther BT, Kilduff LP, Stokes KA, Cook CJ. Relationship between pregame concentrations of free testosterone and outcome in rugby union. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2014; 9: 324-331
  • 23 Gleeson M, Bishop NC. Elite athlete immunology: Importance of nutrition. Int J Sports Med 2000; 21 (Suppl. 01) S44-S50
  • 24 Greenlees I, Leyland A, Thelwell R, Filby W. Soccer penalty takers' uniform colour and pre-penalty kick gaze affect the impressions formed of them by opposing goalkeepers. J Sports Sci 2008; 26: 569-576
  • 25 Greenlees IA, Eynon M, Thelwell RC. Color of soccer goalkeepers' uniforms influences the outcome of penalty kicks. Percept Mot Skills 2013; 117: 1043-1052
  • 26 Hackney AC. Testosterone and human performance: Influence of the color red. Eur J Appl Physiol 2006; 96: 330-333
  • 27 Harriss DJ, Macsween A, Atkinson G. Standards for ethics in sport and exercise science research: 2018 update. Int J Sports Med 2017; 38: 1126-1131
  • 28 Hill RA, Barton RA. Psychology: Red enhances human performance in contests. Nature 2005; 435: 293
  • 29 Hopkins WG, Hawley JA, Burke LM. Design and analysis of research on sport performance enhancement. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999; 31: 472-485
  • 30 Kaiser PK. Physiological response to color: A critical review. Color Res Appl 1984; 9: 8
  • 31 Kilian Y, Engel F, Wahl P, Achtzehn S, Sperlich B, Mester J. Markers of biological stress in response to a single session of high-intensity interval training and high-volume training in young athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116: 2177-2186
  • 32 Krotkiewski M, Kral JG, Karlsson J. Effects of castration and testosterone substitution on body composition and muscle metabolism in rats. Acta Physiol Scand 1980; 109: 233-237
  • 33 Krustrup P, Bradley PS, Christensen JF, Castagna C, Jackman S, Connolly L, Randers MB, Mohr M, Bangsbo J. The Yo-Yo IE2 test: Physiological response for untrained men versus trained soccer players. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015; 47: 100-108
  • 34 Laurent CM, Green JM, Bishop PA, Sjokvist J, Schumacker RE, Richardson MT, Curtner-Smith M. A practical approach to monitoring recovery: Development of a perceived recovery status scale. J Strength Cond Res 2011; 25: 620-628
  • 35 Marocolo IC, da Mota GR, Londe AM, Patterson SD, Barbosa Neto O, Marocolo M. Acute ischemic preconditioning does not influence high-intensity intermittent exercise performance. PeerJ 2017; 5: e4118
  • 36 Marocolo M, Coriolano HA, Mourao CA, da Mota GR. Crucial points for analysis of ischemic preconditioning in sports and exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 49: 1495-1496
  • 37 Marocolo M, da Mota GR, Pelegrini V, Appell Coriolano HJ. Are the beneficial effects of ischemic preconditioning on performance partly a placebo effect?. Int J Sports Med 2015; 36: 822-825
  • 38 Marocolo M, da Mota GR, Simim MA, Appell Coriolano HJ. Myths and facts about the effects of ischemic preconditioning on performance. Int J Sports Med 2016; 37: 87-96
  • 39 Marocolo M, Marocolo IC, da Mota GR, Simao R, Maior AS, Coriolano HJ. Beneficial effects ofischemic preconditioning in resistance exercise fade over time. Int J Sports Med 2016; 37: 819-824
  • 40 Marocolo M, Willardson JM, Marocolo IC, da Mota GR, Simao R, Maior AS. Ischemic Preconditioning and placebo intervention improve resistance exercise performance. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30: 1462-1469
  • 41 Meneghel AJ, Verlengia R, Crisp AH, Aoki MS, Nosaka K, da Mota GR, Lopes CR. Muscle damage of resistance-trained men after two bouts of eccentric bench press exercise. J Strength Cond Res 2014; 28: 2961-2966
  • 42 Mota GR, Gomes LH, Castardeli E, Bertoncello D, Vicente EJD, Marocolo M, Orsatti FL. Treinamento proprioceptivo e de força resistente previnem lesões no futebol. J Health Sci Inst 2010; 28: 191-193
  • 43 Mota GR, Magalhães CG, PHSM Azevedo, Ide BN, Lopes CR, Castardeli E, Bartosa Neto O, Marocolo M, Baldissera V. Lactate threshold in taekwondo through specifics tests. J Exerc Physiol Online 2011; 14: 60-66
  • 44 O'Connell BJ, Harper RS, McAndrew FT. Grip strength as a function of exposure to red or green visual stimulation. Percept Mot Skills 1985; 61: 1157-1158
  • 45 Orwoll E, Lambert LC, Marshall LM, Blank J, Barrett-Connor E, Cauley J, Ensrud K, Cummings SR. Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study G. Endogenous testosterone levels, physical performance, and fall risk in older men. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166: 2124-2131
  • 46 Russell M, King A, Bracken RM, Cook CJ, Giroud T, Kilduff LP. A Comparison of different modes of morning priming exercise on afternoon performance. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2016; 11: 763-767
  • 47 Sakuragi S, Sugiyama Y. Effect of partition board color on mood and autonomic nervous function. Percept Mot Skills 2011; 113: 941-956
  • 48 Setchell JM, Dixson AF. Changes in the secondary sexual adornments of male mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) are associated with gain and loss of alpha status. Horm Behav 2001; 39: 177-184
  • 49 Simim MAM, Silva BVC, Marocolo Júnior M, Mendes EL, de Mello MT, Mota GR. Anthropometric profile and physical performance characteristic of the Brazilian amputee football (soccer) team. Motriz: Rev Educ Fís 2013; 19: 641-648
  • 50 Sorokowski P, Szmajke A. The influence of the “red win” effect in sports: A hypothesis of erroneous perception of opponents dressed in red – preliminary test. Hum Mov 2011; 12: 367-373
  • 51 Wright HR, Lack LC, Kennaway DJ. Differential effects of light wavelength in phase advancing the melatonin rhythm. J Pineal Res 2004; 36: 140-144