Download PDF
Homeopathy 2012; 101(01): 68-73
DOI: 10.1016/j.homp.2011.09.004
Original Paper
Copyright © The Faculty of Homeopathy 2011

Development of broiler chickens after treatment with thymulin 5cH: a zoo technical approach

César Sato
,
Veranice Galha Listar
,
Leoni Villano Bonamin
Subject Editor:
Further Information

Publication History

Received25 April 2009
revised28 July 2011

accepted26 September 2011

Publication Date:
21 December 2017 (online)

    Permissions and Reprints

Modulation of immune response due to thymulin 5cH has been previously observed. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the development of broiler chickens treated with thymulin 5cH by conventional zoo technical indices, phytohemaglutinin induced inflammation test and histomorphometric analysis of lymphoid organs (thymus, Fabricius bursa and spleen). Animals were divided in two groups: (a) test: birds with free access to thymulin 5cH diluted into the drink water and (b) control: birds with free access to water only, from the 1st to the 42nd day of life. All experimental procedures were done in blind. The results show that thymulin 5cH treated group had increased productivity index compared to control (391.45 versus 261.93) associated with higher viability in the 7th week (p = 0.013), and a possible shunt to B lymphocyte activity. The data suggest that thymulin 5cH could be a viable method to improve productivity in poultry production due to its immune modulation properties.

Keywords

Thymus hormones - Homeopathy - Gallus gallus - Poultry - Immune system
 

  • References

  • 1 Speedy A.W. Global production and consumption of animal source foods. J Nutr 2003; 133: 4048S-4053S.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Faria Filho D.E., Torres K.A.A., Faria D.E., Campos D.M.B., Rosa P.S. Probiotics for broiler chickens in Brazil: systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Bras Cienc Avic 2006; 8 (02) 89-98.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Filliat C. Particularité de l’ utilization de l’ homeopathie en production avicole. In: Annals of the Entretiens Internatioaux de Monaco. Monte Carlo, 2002.
    PubMed
  • 4 Barbour E.K., Sagherian V., Talhouk S. et al. Evaluation of homeopathy in broiler chickens exposed to live viral vaccines and administered Calendula officinalis extract. Med Sci Monit 2004; 10: 281-285.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Soto F.R.M., Vuaden E.R., Coelho C.P. et al. Reproductive performance of sows inseminated with sêmen treated with homeopathic medicine. Int J High Dilution Res 2010; 9 (30) 51-57.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Soto F., Vuaden E., Coelho C., Benites N., Bonamin L.V., De Azevedo S. A randomized controlled trial of homeopathic treatment of weaned piglets in a commercial swine herd. Homeopathy 2008; 97: 202-205.
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Amalcaburio R., Machado Filho L.C.P., Honorato L.A., Menezes N.A. Homeopathic remedies in a semi-intensive alternative system of broiler production. Int J High Dilution Res 2009; 8: 33-39.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Naik B.M.C., Babu Y.H., Mamatha G.S. The immunomodulatory role of calf thymus extract on humoral and cell mediated immune response in chicken vaccinated against New Castle Disease virus. Int J Poultry Sci 2005; 8: 580-583.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Brown O.A. Studies on the gonadotrophin-releasing activity of thymulin: changes with age. J Gerontol A Biol Sci 2000; 55: B170-B176.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Barbour E.K., Hamadeh S.K., Bejjani N.E. et al. Immunopotentiation of a developed Salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis vaccine by thymulin and zinc in meat chicken breeders. Vet Res Commun 2001; 25: 437-447.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Chandratilleke D., Marsh J.A. The effect of thymulin on avian IL-2 receptor expression. Int J Immunopharmacol 2000; 22: 887-896.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Marsh J.A., Merlino P.G., Staeheli P. The effects of triodothyronine and thymulin on avian NK cytolytic activity. Int J Immunopharmacol 2001; 1: 1823-1830.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Orringer D.A., Staeheli P., Marsh J.A. The effects of thymulin on macrophage responsiveness to interferon-gamma. Dev Comp Immunol 2002; 26: 95-102.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Oliver M.A., Marsh J.A. In vivo thymulin treatments enhance avian lung natural killer cell cytotoxicity in response to infectious bronchitis vírus. Int Immunopharmacol 2003: 107-113.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Doucet-Jaboeuf M., Pelegrin A., Cot M.C., Guillemain J., Bastide M. Seasonal variations in the humoral immune response in mice following administration of thymic hormones. Ann Rev Chronopharmacol 1984; 1: 231-234.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Kallen B. Effect of cyclophosphamide pretreatment on autoimmune encephalomyelitis in rats. Acta Neurol Scand 1986; 73: 338-344.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Bastide M., Daurat V., Doucet-Jaboeuf M., Pelegrin A., Dorfman P. Immunomodulatory activity of very low doses of thymulin in mice. Int J Immunother 1987; 3: 191-200.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Daurat V., Carrière V., Douylliez C., Bastide M. Immunomodulatory activity of thymulin and alpha, beta interferon on the specific and nonspecific cellular response of C56BL and NBZ mice. Immunobiology 1988; 173: 188.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Hirai N. Effect of administration of serum thymic factor (FTS) in calves and rabbits infected with bovine immunodeficiency-like virus. J Vet Sci 1995; 57: 307-310.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Aono H. Amelioration of type II collagen induced arthritis in rats by treatment with thymulin. J Rheumatol 1997; 24: 1564-1569.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Guennoum M., Boudard F., Cabaner C., Robbe Y., Dubois J.B., Bastide M. Radioprotection and immune system regeneration of irradiated mice by using high dilution treatment. Chronobiol Int 1997; 14 (Suppl. 01) 60.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Toledo RL. Associação timulina-isoterápico de ciclofosfamida no tratamento de camundongos portadores de tumor de Erlich. Dissertação de Mestrado. Universidade Paulista, São Paulo, 2005.
    PubMed
  • 23 Bonamin L.V., Bastide M., Lagache A. Research on ultra-dilutions and the Theory of Corporeal Signifiers: the follow up. In: Bonamin L.V. Signal and Images – Contributions and Contradictions About High Dilution Research. 1st edn. 2008. Dordrecht: Springer; pp. 3–28.
    Google Scholar
  • 24 Carneiro S.L., Ulbrich A.C., Falkowski T., Carvalho A., Soares Jr. D., Llanillo R.F. Frango de corte: Integração Produtor/Indústria. Curitiba: Referência modular; 2004.
    Google Scholar
  • 25 Stadecker M.J., Lukic M., Dvorak A., Laskowitz S. The cutaneous basophil response of phytohemagglutinin in chicken. J Immunol 1977; 118 (05) 1564-1568.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Corrier D.E., Deloach J.R. Interdigital skin test for evaluation of delaid hypersensibility and cutaneous basophil hypersensibility. Am J Veter Res 1990; 51 (06) 950-954.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Galha V., Bondan E.F., Bonamin L.V., Lallo M.A. Clinical coccidiosis in broiler chickens naturally infected and immunosuppressed with dexamethasone. Arq Inst Biol 2010; 77 (01) 25-31.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Dawkins M.S., Donnelly C.A., Jones T.A. Chicken welfare is influenced more by housing conditions than by stocking density. Nature 2004; 427 (22) 342-344.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Ferket P.R., Van Heugten E., Van Kempen T.T.G., Angel R. Nutritional strategies to reduce environmental emissions from non ruminants. J Anim Sci 2002; 80: 168-182.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Molinero P., Souto M., Benot S., Hmadcha A., Guerrero J.M. Melatonin is responsible for the nocturnal increase observed in serum and thymus of thymosin and thymulin concentrations: observations in rats and humans. J Neuroimmunol 2000; 103: 180-188.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Xia X., Kar R., Gluhak-Heinrich J. et al. Glucocorticoid-induced autophagy in osteocytes. J Bone Miner Res 2010; 25 (11) 2479-2488.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Kushima K., Fujita M., Horiushi H., Matsuda H., Furusawa S. Flow cytometric analysis of chicken NK activity and its use on the effect on restraint stress. J Vet Med Sci 2003; 65: 995-1000.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Kibenge F.S.B., Dhillon A.S., Russel R.G. Biochemistry and immunology of infectious bursal disease virus. J Gen Virol 1988; 69: 1757-1775.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Sharma J.M. Immunosuppressive effects of lymphoproliferative neoplasms of chickens. Avian Dis 1979; 23: 315-324.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Yuasa N.C.A.A. Review and recent problems. Proceedings of the 38th Western Poultry Disease Conference. 1989. Provo: Bringham Young University; 14-20.
    Google Scholar
  • 36 Tran A., Berard A., Coombs K.M. Avian reoviruses propagation, quantification, and storage. Curr Protoc Microbiol 2009; 15: 15C2.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Pertile T.L., Walser M.M., Sharma J.M., Shivers J.L. Immunohistochemical detection of lymphocyte subpopulations in the tarsal joints of chickens with experimental viral arthritis. Vet Pathol 1996; 33 (03) 303-310.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Dardenne M., Pleau J.M., Nabarra B. et al. Contribution of zinc and other metals to the biological activity of the serum thymic factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1982; 79: 5370-5373.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Gajula S.S., Chelasani V.K., Panda A.K., Mantena V.L., Savaram R.R. Effect of supplemental inorganic Zn and Mn and their interactions on the performance of broiler chicken, mineral bioavailability, and immune response. Biol Trace Elem Res 2011 Feb; 139 (02) 177-187 Epub 2010 Mar 3.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Olah I., Kittner Z., Toro I., Glick B. Effect of levamisole on the phytohemagglutinin induced basophil hypersensitivity reaction in the chicken wattle. Poult Sci 1981; 60 (06) 1321-1324.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Dietert R.R., Golembosky K.A. Environment-immune interactions. Poult Sci 1994; 72: 1062-1076.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Katiyar A.K., Vegad J.L., Awadhiya R.P. Increased vascular permeability and leucocyte emigration in Escherichia coli endotoxin injury in the chicken skin. Res Veter Sci 1992; 52: 154-161.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Bastide M., Doucet-Jaboeuf M., Daurat V. Activity and chronopharmacology of very low doses of physiological immune inducers. Immunol Today 1985; 6: 234-235.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Safieh-Garabedian B., Ochoa-Chaar C.I., Poole S. et al. Thymulin reverses inflammatory hyperalgesia and modulates the increase in concentration of proinflammatory cytokines induced by i.c.v. endotoxin injection. Neuroscience 2003; 121: 865-873.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Haddad J.J., Saade N.E., Safieh-Garabedian B. Thymulin: an emerging anti-inflammatory molecule. Curr Med Chem 2005; 4: 333-338.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Dardenne M., Saade N., Safieh-Garabedian B. Role of thymulin or its analogue as a new analgesic molecule. Neuroendocrine and Immune Crosstalk Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1088: 153-163.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Zalla-Neto R. Efeitos da timulina ultra-diluída na resposta linfóide e evolução granulomatosa induzida por BCG. Dissertação de Mestrado. São Paulo, UNIP, 2007.
    PubMed
  • 48 Pope C.R. Pathology of lymphoid organs with emphasis on immunosuppression. Vet Imunol Immunopathol 1991; 30: 31-44.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Kaiser P. Advances in avian immunology-prospects for disease control: a review. Avian Pathol 2010; 39 (05) 309-324.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Wu Z., Kaiser P. Antigen presenting cells in a non-mammalian model system, the chicken. Immunobiology 2011 Nov; 216 (11) 1177-1183 Epub 2011 Jun 12.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar