14 Bilingual and Multicultural Considerations

Courtney Byrd, Kia Noelle Johnson, and Julie Fortier-Blanc

Abstract

In this chapter, we explore the relationship between typically fluent speech and stuttering in both mono- and multilingual individuals. General information and characteristics regarding bilingualism will be presented along with the inherent difficulties encountered when using English monolingual guidelines for assessing stuttering in bilingual speakers. Suggestions are made to help clinicians accurately diagnose those who do stutter. Treatment issues with bilingual populations will be discussed including ways to better adapt our intervention with these speakers. We take into account multicultural considerations and how best to incorporate them when assessing and treating culturally diverse children and adults. Together, these learning outcomes will ensure that you are equipped to provide quality care to persons who stutter from culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) backgrounds.

Key words

stuttering - bilingualism - bilingual - multilingualism - multilingual - multicultural - assessment - treatment

• 1 Byrd CT. Assessing bilingual children: Are their disfluencies indicative of stuttering or the by-product of navigating two languages?. Semin Speech Lang 2018; 39 (4) 324-332 PubMed (PMID: 30142643)

• 2 Grosjean F. Studying bilinguals: Methodological and conceptual issues. In: Bhatia TK, Ritchie WC, eds. The Handbook of Bilingualism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2004:32–63

• 3 Blom E, Boerma Tessel. Effects of language impairment and bilingualism across domains: vocabulary, morphology and verbal memory.. Linguist Approaches Biling 2017; 7 (3–4) 277-300 (PMID: NOT_FOUND)

• 4 Grimm A, Schulz P. Specific language impairment and early second language acquisition: the risk of over- and underdiagnosis.. Child Indic Res 2014; 7 (4) 821-841 (PMID: NOT_FOUND)

• 6 Paradis J, Genesee F, Crago MB. Dual language development and disorders: a handbook on bilingualism and second language learning. Baltimore, MD: Brookes Publishing Company; 2011

• 7 Gutiérrez-Clellen VF, Simon-Cereijido G. Using language sampling in clinical assessments with bilingual children: challenges and future directions.. Semin Speech Lang 2009; 30 (4) 234-245 PubMed (PMID: 19851951)

• 8 Boey RA, Wuyts FL, Van de Heyning PH, De Bodt MS, Heylen L. Characteristics of stuttering-like disfluencies in Dutch-speaking children.. J Fluency Disord 2007; 32 (4) 310-329 PubMed (PMID: 17963939)

• 9 Leclercq A-L, Suaire P, Moyse A. Beyond stuttering: speech disfluencies in normally fluent French-speaking children at age 4.. Clin Linguist Phon 2018; 32 (2) 166-179 PubMed (PMID: 28837363)

• 10 Natke U, Sandrieser P, Pietrowsky R, Kalveram KT. Disfluency data of German preschool children who stutter and comparison children.. J Fluency Disord 2006; 31 (3) 165-176 PubMed (PMID: 16837037)

• 11 Watson JB, Byrd CT, Carlo EJ. Effects of length, complexity, and grammatical correctness on stuttering in Spanish-speaking preschool children.. Am J Speech Lang Pathol 2011; 20 (3) 209-220 PubMed (PMID: 21622596)

• 12 Byrd CT, Bedore LM, Ramos D. The disfluent speech of bilingual Spanish-English children: considerations for differential diagnosis of stuttering.. Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch 2015; 46 (1) 30-43 PubMed (PMID: 25215876)

• 13 Rincon C, Johnson KN, Byrd C. An introductory examination of speech disfluencies in Spanish–English bilingual children who do and do not stutter during narratives.. Perspect ASHA Spec Interest Groups 2020; 5 (1) 131-141 (PMID: NOT_FOUND)

• 14 Einarsdóttir J, Ingham RJ. Have disfluency-type measures contributed to the understanding and treatment of developmental stuttering?. Am J Speech Lang Pathol 2005; 14 (4) 260-273 PubMed (PMID: 16396610)

• 15 Van Borsel J, Medeiros de Britto Pereira M. Assessment of stuttering in a familiar versus an unfamiliar language.. J Fluency Disord 2005; 30 (2) 109-124 PubMed (PMID: 15927246)

• 16 Bosshardt H-G, Packman A, Blomgren M, Kretschmann J. Measuring stuttering in preschool-aged children across different languages.. Folia Phoniatr Logop 2015; 67 (5) 221-230

• 17 Cosyns M, Einarsdóttir JT, Van Borsel J. Factors involved in the identification of stuttering severity in a foreign language.. Clin Linguist Phon 2015; 29 (12) 909-921 PubMed (PMID: 26308390)

• 18 Hoffman L, Wilson L, Copley A, Hewat S, Lim V. The reliability of a severity rating scale to measure stuttering in an unfamiliar language.. Int J Speech Lang Pathol 2014; 16 (3) 317-326 PubMed (PMID: 24678793)

• 19 Lee AS, Robb MP, Ormond T, Blomgren M. The role of language familiarity in bilingual stuttering assessment.. Clin Linguist Phon 2014; 28 (10) 723-740 PubMed (PMID: 24588470)

• 20 Byrd CT, Watson J, Bedore LM, Mullis A. Identification of Stuttering in Bilingual Spanish-English-Speaking Children.. Contemp Issues Commun Sci Disord 2015; 42: 72-87 (PMID: NOT_FOUND)

• 21 Ambrose NG, Yairi E. Normative disfluency data for early childhood stuttering.. J Speech Lang Hear Res 1999; 42 (4) 895-909 PubMed (PMID: 10450909)

• 22 Eggers K, Van Eerdenbrugh S, Byrd CT. Speech disfluencies in bilingual Yiddish-Dutch speaking children.. Clin Linguist Phon 2020; 34 (6) 576-592 PubMed (PMID: 31645140)

• 23 Byrd CT, Haque AN, Johnson K. Speech-language pathologists perception of bilingualism as a risk factor for stuttering.. J Commun Disor Deaf Studies Hear Aids 2006; 4 (2) 1000158

• 24 Travis LE, Johnson W, Shover J. The relation of bilingualism to stuttering: a survey of the East Chicago, Indiana, schools.. J Speech Disord 1937; 2 (3) 185-189 (PMID: NOT_FOUND)

• 25 Howell P, Davis S, Williams R. The effects of bilingualism on stuttering during late childhood.. Arch Dis Child 2009; 94 (1) 42-46 PubMed (PMID: 18782846)

• 26 Coalson GA, Peña ED, Byrd CT. Description of multilingual participants who stutter.. J Fluency Disord 2013; 38 (2) 141-156 PubMed (PMID: 23773667)

• 27 Werle DR, Byrd C, Coalson G. Description of multilingual participants who stutter: an update 2011–2018.. Comm Disord Q 2019; 42 (1) 50-57 (PMID: NOT_FOUND;INVALID_JOURNAL)

• 28 Riley G, Bakker K. SSI-4: Stuttering Severity Instrument. Austin, TX: PRO-ED; 2009

• 29 Vanryckeghem M, Brutten EJ. KiddyCat: Communication Attitude Test for Preschool and Kindergarten Children Who Stutter. San Diego, CA: Plural Publishing Incorporated; 2007

• 30 Gillam RB, Logan KJ, Pearson NA. TOCS: Test of Childhood Stuttering. Austin, TX: Pro-Ed, 2009

• 31 Naderi S, Shahbodaghi MR, Khatonabadi A, Dadgar H, Jalaei SH. Translation of the test of childhood stuttering into Persian and investigation of validity and reliability of the test.. Journal of Modern Rehabilitation 2011; 5 (2) 29-34 (PMID: NOT_FOUND;INVALID_JOURNAL)

• 32 Abdou R. Assessment of Egyptian children who stutter using the standardized Arabic form of the Test of Childhood Stuttering.. Egypt J Otolaryngol 2015; 31 (3) 180-187 (PMID: NOT_FOUND;INVALID_JOURNAL)

• 33 Yaruss JS, Quesal RW. Overall Assessment of the Speaker’s Experience of Stuttering (OASES): documenting multiple outcomes in stuttering treatment.. J Fluency Disord 2006; 31 (2) 90-115 PubMed (PMID: 16620945)

• 34 Yaruss JS, Quesal RW. Overall Assessment of the Speaker’s Experience of Stuttering (OASES). McKinney, TX: Stuttering Therapy Resources; 2016

• 35 Stuttering Therapy Resources. Frequently Asked Questions. 2018. Available at: https://www.stutteringtherapyresources.com/menu-oases#frequently-asked-questions

• 36 Bleek B, Reuter M, Yaruss JS, Cook S, Faber J, Montag C. Relationships between personality characteristics of people who stutter and the impact of stuttering on everyday life.. J Fluency Disord 2012; 37 (4) 325-333 PubMed (PMID: 23218215)

• 37 Koedoot C, Versteegh M, Yaruss JS. Psychometric evaluation of the Dutch translation of the Overall Assessment of the Speaker’s Experience of Stuttering for adults (OASES-A-D).. J Fluency Disord 2011; 36 (3) 222-230 PubMed (PMID: 22118398)

• 38 Robinson Jr TL, Crowe TA. Culture-based considerations in programming for stuttering intervention with African American clients and their families.. Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch 1998; 29 (3) 172-179 PubMed (PMID: 27764423)

• 39 Roseberry-McKibbin Celeste. Multicultural students with special language needs. Oceanside, CA: Academic Communication Associates; 2014

• 40 Nishishiba M. Culturally mindful communication: essential skills for public and nonprofit professionals. New York, NY: Routledge; 2018

• 41 Klein MD, Chen D. Working with children from culturally diverse backgrounds. Albany, NY: Delmar; 2001

• 42 Harrison E, Onslow M. (2010). The Lidcombe program for preschool children who stutter. Treatment of stuttering: Established and emerging interventions; 2010:118--140

• 43 Kelman E, Nicholas A. Palin Parent-Child Interaction Therapy for Early Childhood Stammering. Abingdon, UK: Routledge; 2020

• 44 de Sonneville-Koedoot C, Stolk E, Rietveld T, Franken MC. Direct versus indirect treatment for preschool children who stutter: the RESTART randomized trial.. PLoS One 2015; 10 (7) e0133758 PubMed (PMID: 26218228)