Antithrombotic therapy in peripheral artery disease – antiplatelet therapy, anticoagulants, both or none

• References

• 1 Fowkes FG, Housley E, Cawood EH. et al. Edinburgh Artery Study: prevalence of asymptomatic and symptomatic peripheral arterial disease in the general population. Int J Epidemiol 1991; 20: 384-392.
• 2 Stoffers HE, Rinkens PE, Kester AD. et al. The prevalence of asymptomatic and unrecognized peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Int J Epidemiol 1996; 25: 282-290.
• 3 Criqui MH, Fronek A, Barrett-Connor E. et al. The prevalence of peripheral arterial disease in a defined population. Circulation 1985; 71: 510-515.
• 4 Hirsch AT, Criqui MH, Treat-Jacobson D. et al. Peripheral arterial disease detection, awareness, and treatment in primary care. J Am Med Assoc 2001; 286: 1317-1324.
• 5 Balkau B, Vray M, Eschwege E. Epidemiology of peripheral arterial disease. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1994; 23 (Suppl. 03) S8-16.
• 6 Kannel WB, Skinner Jr. JJ, Schwartz MJ. et al. Intermittent claudication. Incidence in the Framingham Study. Circulation 1970; 41: 875-883.
• 7 Kennedy M, Solomon C, Manolio TA. et al. Risk factors for declining ankle-brachial index in men and women 65 years or older: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165: 1896-1902.
• 8 Price JF, Mowbray I P, Lee AJ. et al. Relationship between smoking and cardiovascular risk factors in the development of peripheral arterial disease and coronary artery disease: Edinburgh Artery Study. Eur Heart J 1999; 20: 344-353.
• 9 Selvin E, Marinopoulos S, Berkenblit G. et al. Meta-analysis: glycosylated hemoglobin and cardiovascular disease in diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med 2004; 141: 421-431.
• 10 Safar ME, Priollet P, Luizy F. et al. Peripheral arterial disease and isolated systolic hypertension: the AT-TEST study. J Hum Hypertens 2009; 23: 182-187.
• 11 O'Hare AM, Vittinghoff E, Hsia J. et al. Renal insufficiency and the risk of lower extremity peripheral arterial disease: results from the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS). J Am Soc Nephrol 2004; 15: 1046-1051.
• 12 O'Hare AM, Rodriguez RA, Bacchetti P. Low ankle-brachial index associated with rise in creatinine level over time: results from the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165: 1481-1485.
• 13 Ridker PM, Stampfer MJ, Rifai N. Novel risk factors for systemic atherosclerosis: a comparison of C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, homocysteine, lipoprotein(a), and standard cholesterol screening as predictors of peripheral arterial disease. J Am Med Assoc 2001; 285: 2481-2485.
• 14 Rutherford RB, Baker JD, Ernst C. et al. Recommended standards for reports dealing with lower extremity ischemia: revised version. J Vasc Surg 1997; 26: 517-538.
• 15 Dawson I, Sie RB, van der Wall EE. et al. Vascular morbidity and mortality during long-term follow-up in claudicants selected for peripheral bypass surgery. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 1998; 16: 292-300.
• 16 Steg PG, Bhatt DL, Wilson PW. et al. One-year car-diovascular event rates in outpatients with athero-thrombosis. J Am Med Assoc 2007; 297: 1197-1206.
• 17 Bennett PC, Silverman SH, Gill PS. et al. Peripheral arterial disease and Virchow's triad. Thromb Hae-most 2009; 101: 1032-1040.
• 18 Blann AD, Tan KT, Tayebjee MH. et al. Soluble CD40L in peripheral artery disease. Relationship with disease severity, platelet markers and the effects of angioplasty. Thromb Haemost 2005; 93: 578-583.
• 19 Rao AK, Vaidyula VR, Bagga S. et al. Effect of anti-platelet agents clopidogrel, aspirin, and cilostazol on circulating tissue factor procoagulant activity in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Thromb Haemost 2006; 96: 738-743.
• 20 McDermott MM, Mehta S, Ahn H. et al. Athero-sclerotic risk factors are less intensively treated in patients with peripheral arterial disease than in patients with coronary artery disease. J Gen Intern Med 1997; 12: 209-215.
• 21 Dormandy J, Mahir M, Ascady G. et al. Fate of the patient with chronic leg ischaemia. A review article. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 1989; 30: 50-57.
• 22 Hertzer NR. The natural history of peripheral vascular disease. Implications for its management. Circulation 1991; 83: I12-I19.
• 23 Norgren L, Hiatt WR, Dormandy JA. et al. Inter-Society Consensus for the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease (TASC II). Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2007; 33 (Suppl. 01) S1-75.
• 24 Collaborative overview of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy--I: Prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke by prolonged antiplatelet therapy in various categories of patients. Anti-platelet Trialists' Collaboration. Br Med J 1994; 308 (Suppl. 01) 81-106.
• 25 Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. Br Med J 2002; 324 (Suppl. 01) 71-86.
• 26 Sobel M, Verhaeghe R. Antithrombotic therapy for peripheral artery occlusive disease: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest 2008; 133: 815S-843S.
• 27 A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CA-PRIE). CAPRIE Steering Committee. Lancet 1996; 348: 1329-1339.
• 28 Berger JS, Krantz MJ, Kittelson JM. et al. Aspirin for the prevention of cardiovascular events in patients with peripheral artery disease: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. J Am Med Assoc 2009; 301: 1909-1919.
• 29 Belch J, MacCuish A, Campbell I. et al. The prevention of progression of arterial disease and diabetes (POPADAD) trial: factorial randomised placebo controlled trial of aspirin and antioxidants in patients with diabetes and asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease. Br Med J 2008; 337: a1840
• 30 Basili S, Raparelli V, Vestri A. et al. Comparison of efficacy of antiplatelet treatments for patients with claudication. A meta-analysis. Thromb Haemost 2010; 103: 766-773.
• 31 Arfvidsson B, Lundgren F, Drott C. et al. Influence of coumarin treatment on patency and limb salvage after peripheral arterial reconstructive surgery. Am J Surg 1990; 159: 556-560.
• 32 de Smit P, van Urk H. Dutch oral anticoagulation trial. Act Chir Austr 1992; 24: 5
• 33 Kretschmer G, Herbst F, Prager M. et al. A decade of oral anticoagulant treatment to maintain auto-logous vein grafts for femoropopliteal athero-sclerosis. Arch Surg 1992; 127: 1112-1115.
• 34 The effects of oral anticoagulants in patients with peripheral arterial disease: rationale, design, and baseline characteristics of the Warfarin and Anti-platelet Vascular Evaluation (WAVE) trial, including a meta-analysis of trials. Am Heart J 2006; 151: 1-9.
• 35 The Dutch BOA Study Group. Efficacy of oral anti-coagulants compared with aspirin after infrainguinal bypass surgery (The Dutch Bypass Oral Anti-coagulants or Aspirin Study): a randomised trial. Lancet 2000; 355: 346-351.
• 36 Anand S, Yusuf S, Xie C. et al. Oral anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy and peripheral arterial disease. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 217-227.
• 37 Budaj A, Eikelboom JW, Mehta SR. et al. Improving clinical outcomes by reducing bleeding in patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J 2009; 30: 655-661.
• 38 Eikelboom JW, Mehta SR, Anand SS. et al. Adverse impact of bleeding on prognosis in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 2006; 114: 774-782.
• 39 O'Donnell MJ, Kapral MK, Fang J. et al. Gastroin-testinal bleeding after acute ischemic stroke. Neurology 2008; 71: 650-655.
• 40 Rao SVO'Grady K, Pieper KS. et al. Impact of bleeding severity on clinical outcomes among patients with acute coronary syndromes. Am J Cardiol 2005; 96: 1200-1206.
• 41 Segev A, Strauss BH, Tan M. et al. Predictors and 1-year outcome of major bleeding in patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: insights from the Canadian Acute Coronary Syndrome Registries. Am Heart J 2005; 150: 690-694.
• 42 Spencer FA, Moscucci M, Granger CB. et al. Does comorbidity account for the excess mortality in patients with major bleeding in acute myocardial in-farction?. Circulation 2007; 116: 2793-2801.
• 43 van Hattum ES, Algra A, Lawson JA. et al. Bleeding increases the risk of ischemic events in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Circulation 2009; 120: 1569-1576.