Adulte Neurogenese im ZNS: Vom Labor zur Klinik?

Zusammenfassung

Seit einigen Jahren ist die adulte Neurogenese, also die Neubildung von Nervenzellen im erwachsenen Gehirn bei Säugetieren einschließlich des Menschen bekannt. So proliferieren in der subgranulären Zone des Gyrus dentatus des Hippocampus und in der subventrikulären Zone der Seitenventrikel adulte neuronale Stamm- bzw. Vorläuferzellen, welche Neuronen bilden, die funktionell in das bestehende Netzwerk integriert werden. Die funktionelle Relevanz der physiologischen adulten Neurogenese einerseits und die neu entdeckte potenzielle Möglichkeit einer zellulären Regeneration andererseits, weckte in den letzten Jahren das Interesse der grundlagenorientierten und klinischen Neurowissenschaftler. Es mehren sich so die Hinweise, dass sowohl eine gestörte hippokampale Neurogenese Teil des Pathomechanismus einiger neuropsychiatrischer Erkrankungen ist, als auch das neurogene Potenzial des erwachsenen Gehirns für regenerative Strategien bei neurodegenerativen Erkrankungen therapeutisch eingesetzt werden könnte. Dieser Artikel soll eine Übersicht über die neurobiologischen Grundlagen der adulten Neurogenese und deren Bedeutung bei der Entwicklung neuer Therapieverfahren neurologischer Erkrankungen geben.

Abstract

Two regions of the mammalian brain maintain the capability to generate new neurons throughout lifetime: Neuronal stem- and precursor cells proliferate in the subgranulare zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus in the hippocampus and in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles to give rise to new neurons that are functionally integrated into the neural network. The functional relevance of adult neurogenesis under physiological conditions on one hand, and the newly discovered potentiality of cellular regeneration in the diseased brain on the other hand, arouse the interest of fundamental and clinical neuroscientists. There is growing evidence that impaired adult neurogenesis is linked to the etiology of neuropsychiatric disorders (such as depression or Alzheimer's disease), as well as that the neurogenic potential may be used for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases (such as Parkinson’s disease or stroke). This review summarizes the neurobiological bases of adult neurogenesis in their relevance for the future trend of novel therapeutic strategies.

Schlüsselwörter

Adulte Neurogenese - neurale Stammzellen - Hippocampus - Alzheimer'sche Erkrankung - idiopathisches Parkinson-Syndrom - zerebrale Ischämie - Epilepsie - Depression

Key words

adult neurogenesis - neural stem cells - Hippocampus - Alzheimer's disease - Parkinson's disease - cerebral ischemia - epilepsy - depression

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