Abstract
Background and objectives: Children with Down Syndrome (DS) have a 20-40 fold increased risk of developing acute
myeloid leukemia (AML), mainly of the megakaryoblastic subtype (AMKL). Approximately
10 % of newborns with DS show transient myeloproliferative disease (TMD) which normally
resolves spontaneously. The blast cells of both entities show megakaryoblastic/erythroblastic
features (M7/M6) and cannot be distinguished by morphological characteristics. Design and methods: Blast cells of 62 children were analyzed by four-color flow cytometry and dual color
fluorescence microscopy. Results: The immunophenotype of blast cells from children with TMD and DS-AMKL is characterized
by the expression of CD33+ /CD13+/- /CD38+ /CD117+ /CD34+/- /CD7+ /CD56+/- /CD36+ /CD71+ /CD42b+ /CD4dim+ /TPO-R+ /EPO-R- /IL-3-Rα+ /IL-6-Rα- . Non-DS children with morphologically related diseases, i. e. myelodysplastic syndrome
(MDS), juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML), or AML-M6 and AML-M7, did not show
this expression profile. CD34 expression was observed in 93 % of TMD, but only 50
% of DS-AMKL patients. The blast cells of all TMD and DS-AMKL cases were positive
for TPO-R and IL-3R, whereas EPO-R and IL-6R were absent. Conclusions: Immunophenotyping by the use of surface antigens and growth factor receptors is a
useful tool to discriminate TMD and DS-AMKL from diseases with morphologically similar
or identical blasts. The absence of EPO-R on the blast cells might be a sign of the
high expression of the mutated - and less active - GATA1 in DS. The higher amount
of CD34 co-expression in TMD may be interpreted to indicate that TMD is a slightly
more immature disease than DS-AMKL.
Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund: Kinder mit Down-Syndrom (DS) haben ein 20- bis 40fach gesteigertes Risiko, eine akute
myeloische Leukämie (AML), hauptsächlich vom megakaryoblastischen Subtyp (AMKL) zu
entwickeln. In der Neugeborenenperiode kann zudem das so genannte transitorisch myeloproliferative
Syndrom (TMD) auftreten. Nahezu alle Patienten mit TMD zeigen eine spontane Remission,
wohingegen die DS-AMKL einer intensiven zytostatischen Therapie bedarf, wenngleich
die Zytostatika-Sensitivität höher ist im Vergleich zu non-DS AMKL. Die charakteristischen
erythrozytär/megakaryozytären Blasten (FAB M6/M7) beider Entitäten sind morphologisch
nicht voneinander zu unterscheiden. Patienten und Methoden: Mittels Vier-Farb-Durchflusszytometrie sowie Fluoreszenzmikroskopie erfolgte die
immunologische Charakterisierung der Blasten von 34 Kindern mit DS (20 AMKL, 14 TMD)
sowie 29 Kindern ohne DS (6 AML-M6, 7 AML-M7, 10 MDS, 6 JMML). Ergebnisse: Der Immunphänotyp der Blasten von Kindern mit TMS oder DS-AMKL ist charakterisiert
durch CD33+ /CD13+/- /CD38+ /CD117+ /CD34+/- /CD7+ /CD56+/- /CD36+ /CD71+ /CD42b+ /CD4dim+ /TPO-R+ /EPO-R- /IL-3-Rα+ /IL-6-Rα- . Keins der Kinder mit den morphologisch ähnlichen Erkrankungen MDS, JMML oder AML-M6
und AML-M7 ohne DS zeigte dieses Expressionsmuster. CD34 wurde bei 93 % der Kinder
mit TMD, jedoch nur bei 50 % der Kinder mit DS-AMKL exprimiert. Die Blasten von allen
Kindern mit TMD und DS-AMKL exprimierten TPO-R und IL-3R, während EPO-R und IL-6R
nicht nachweisbar waren. Schlussfolgerung: Die Immunphänotypisierung anhand von Oberflächenantigenen und Wachstumsfaktor-Rezeptoren
ist eine wertvolle Methode, um TMD und DS-AMKL von morphologisch ähnlichen Erkrankungen
abzugrenzen. Die Abwesenheit von EPO-R könnte ein Zeichen der erhöhten Expression
des mutierten - und weniger aktiven - Transkriptionsfaktors GATA1 bei Down-Syndrom
sein. Die beim TMD deutlich häufigere Koexpression von CD34 könnte Ausdruck einer
tendenziell unreiferen Entität im Vergleich zur DS-AMKL sein.
Key words
Down Syndrome - immunophenotype - TMD - AML - leukemogenesis
Schlüsselwörter
Down-Syndrom - Immunphänotyp - TMD - AML - Leukämieentstehung
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Dr. Claudia Langebrake
University Children's Hospital Muenster · Pediatric Hematology and Oncology
Albert-Schweitzer-Straße 33
48129 Muenster
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