Zusammenfassung
Die posttranskriptionelle Editierung von mRNA erhöht die molekulare und funktionelle
Heterogenität von Glutamatrezeptoren. So bestimmt die Q/R-Editierung u. a. die Ca2+ -Permeabilität von AMPA- und Kainatrezeptoren, während die R/G-Editierung die Desensitisierung
von AMPA-Rezeptoren beeinflusst. In der vorliegenden Untersuchung geht es um die Fragestellung,
ob eine gestörte RNA-Editierung an der Q/R- bzw. R/G-Stelle zur Übererregbarkeit im
chronisch-epileptischen Hirngewebe des Menschen beiträgt. Dazu wurde menschliches
hippokampales und neokortikales Hirngewebe, das bei epilepsiechirurgischen Eingriffen
gewonnen wurde, analysiert. Als Kontrollgewebe wurde autoptisches Hirngewebe aus homologen
Arealen verwandt. Der Nachweis des Editierungsgrades der mRNA/cDNA erfolgte mit Hilfe
der RT-PCR-Technik sowie eines restriktionsenzymatischen Versuchsansatzes. Die Effizienz
der Q/R-Editierung an den Kainatrezeptoruntereinheiten GluR5 und GluR6 im neokortikalen
Gewebe von Epilepsiepatienten war signifikant höher als im Kontrollgewebe. Diese Zunahme
der R/G-Editierung könnte einen adaptiven Prozess auf die epileptische Aktivität darstellen,
um einen verstärkten Ca2+ -Einstrom in den Nervenzellen zu verhindern. Es zeigte sich weiterhin, dass die Effizienz
der R/G-Editierung an der AMPA-Rezeptoruntereinheit GluR2 im hippokampalen Gewebe
von Epilepsiepatienten signifikant höher war als im Kontrollgewebe. Diese Zunahme
der R/G-Editierung könnte die postsynaptischen Reaktionen auf Glutamat deutlich verstärken
und dadurch in den postsynaptischen Nervenzellen des Hippokampus zu einer chronischen
Überladung mit Ca2+ -Ionen beitragen.
Abstract
Post-transcriptional editing of mRNA is a phenomenon that generates molecular heterogeneity
and functional variety of glutamate receptors. Thus, editing of the R/G site of the
AMPA and kainate receptors leads to a reduced Ca2+ permeability of the receptors and editing of the R/G site causes a faster recovery
rate from desensitization of AMPA receptors. To test whether RNA editing plays a role
in pathological processes contribute to seizure maintenance, the present study analyses
the AMPA receptor subunit GluR2 and the kainate receptor subunits GluR5 and GluR6
with respect to the expression of RNA editing at the Q/R sites and the R/G site. The
investigations were performed on human hippocampal and temporal neocortical tissue,
both excised from patients with pharmaco-resistant temporal lobe epilepsies. The data
were compared with samples from non-epileptic human control tissue (autopsy tissue).
The ratio of Q/R editing and R/G editing was analysed by means of reverse transcription-polymerase
chain reaction followed by a restriction enzyme assay. The Q/R editing efficiency
for the kainate receptor subunits GluR5 and GluR6 was significantly higher in temporal
neocortex than in normal controls. The alteration in GluR5 and GluR6 mRNA editing
in the neocortical tissue may reflect an adaptive reaction of ongoing seizure activity
to prevent excessive Ca2+ influx. Furthermore, the R/G editing efficiency for the AMPA receptor subunits GIuR2
was significantly higher in hippocampal tissue than in control tissue. The increased
editing at the R/G site of the GluR2 subunit in hippocampal tissue of epilepsy patients
may enhance responses to glutamate, resulting in a synapse operating at an increased
gain and eventually to a Ca2+ overload.
Key words
Glutamate receptors - RNA editing - epilepsy
Literatur
1
Dichter M, Spencer W A.
Penicillin-induced interictal discharges from the cat hippocampus. II. Mechanisms
underlying origin and restriction.
J Neurophysiol.
1979;
32
663-687
2
Mac Donald R L, Barker J L.
Enhancement of GABA-mediated postsynaptic inhibition in cultured mammalian spinal
cord neurons: A common mode of anticonvulsant action.
Brain Res.
1979;
167
323-336
3
Schwarzkroin P A, Prince D A.
Changes in excitatory and inhibitory synaptic potentials leading to epileptogenic
activity.
Brain Res.
1980;
183
61-67
4
Dingledine R, Borges K, Bowie D, Traynelis S F.
The glutamate receptor ion channels.
Pharm Rev.
1999;
51
8-61
5
Seeburg P H, Higuchi M, Sprengel R.
RNA editing of brain glutamate receptor channels: mechanism and physiology.
Brain Res Rev.
1998;
26
217-229
6
Brusa R, Zimmermann F, Koh D-S, Feldmeyer D, Gass P, Seeburg P H, Sprengel R.
Early-onset epilepsy and postnatal lethality associated with an editing-deficient
GluR-B allele in mice.
Science.
1995;
270
1677-1680
7
Feldmeyer D, Kask K, Brusa R, Kornau H C, Kolhekar R, Rozov A, Burnashev N, Jensen V,
Hvalby O, Sprengel R, Seeburg P H.
Neurological dysfunctions in mice different levels of the Q/R site-unedited AMPAR
subunit GluR-B.
Nat Neurosci.
1999;
21
57-64
8
Higuchi M, Maas S, Single F N, Hartner J, Rozov A, Burnashev N, Feldmeyer D, Sprengel R,
Seeburg P H.
Point mutation in an AMPA receptor gene rescues lethality in mice deficient in the
RNA-editing enzyme ADAR2.
Nature.
2000;
406
78-81
9
Sailer A, Swanson G T, Perez-Otano I, O'Leary L, Malkmus S A, Dyck R H, Dickinson-Anson H,
Schiffer H H, Maron C, Yaksh T L. et al .
Generation and analysis of GluR5(Q636R) kainate receptor mutant mice.
J Neurosci.
1999;
19
8757-8764
10
Vissel B, Royle G A, Christie B R, Schiffer H H, Ghetti A, Tritto T, Perez-Otano I,
Radcliffe R A, Seamans J, Sejnowski T, Wehner J M, Collins A C, O'Gorman S, Heinemann S F.
The role of RNA editing of kainate receptors in synaptic plasticity and seizures.
Neuron.
2001;
29
217-227
11 Sprengel R, Higuchi M, Monyer H, Seeburg P H.
Glutamate receptor channels: A possible link between RNA editing in the brain and
epilepsy. In: Delgado-Escueta AV, Wilson WA, Olsen RW, Porter RJ (eds) Jasper's Basic Mechanism
of the Epilepsies. Philadelphia; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 1999: 525-534
12
Mußhoff U, Schünke U, Köhling R, Speckmann E-J.
Alternative splicing of the NMDAR1 glutamate receptor subunit in human temporal lobe
epilepsy.
Mol Brain Res.
2000;
76
377-384
13
Chomczynyki P, Sacchi N.
Single-step method of RNA isolation by acid guanidinum thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform
extraction.
Anal Biochem.
1987;
162
156-159
14
Bernard A, Ferhat L, Dessi F, Charton G, Represa A, Ben-Ari Y, Khrestchatisky M.
Q/R edition of the rat GluR5 and GluR6 kainate receptors in vivo and in vitro: evidence
for independent development, pathological and cellular regulation.
Eur J Neurosci.
1999;
11
604-616
15
Pellegrini-Giampietro D E, Gorter J A, Bennett V L, Zukin R S.
The GluR2 (GluR-B) hypothesis: Ca2+ -permeable AMPA receptors in neurological disorders.
TINS.
1997;
20
464-470
16
Seeburg P H.
The role of RNA editing in controlling glutamate receptor channel properties.
J Neurochem.
1996;
66
1-5
17
Grigorenko E V, Bell W L, Glazier S, Pons T, Deadwyler S.
Editing status at the Q/R site of the GIuR2 and GluR6 glutamate receptor subunits
in the surgically excised hippocampus of patients with refractory epilepsy.
NeuroReport.
1999;
9
2219-2224
18
Kamphuis W, Lopes da Silva F H.
Editing status at the Q/R site of glutamate receptor-A, -B, -5 and -6 subunit mRNA
in the hippocampal kindling model of epilepsy.
Mol Brain Res.
1995;
1
35-42
19
Lomeli H, Mosbacher J, Melcher T, Höger T, Geiger J R, Kuner T, Monyer H, Higuchi M,
Bach A, Seeburg P H.
Control of kinetic properties of AMPA receptor channels by nuclear RNA editing.
Science.
1994;
266
1709-1713
20
Mulle C, Sauer A, Perez-Otano I, Dickinson-Anson H, Castillo P E, Bureau I, Maron C,
Gage F H, Mann J R, Bettler B. et al .
Altered synaptic physiology and reduced susceptibility to kainate-induced seizures
in GluR6-deficient mice.
Nature.
1998;
392
601-605
21
Maas S, Melcher T, Seeburg P H.
Mammalian RNA-dependent deaminases and edited mRNAs.
Curr Opinion Cell Biol.
1997;
9
343-349
22
Lai F, Chen C-X, Lee V, Nishikura K.
Dramatic increase of the RNA editing for glutamate receptor subunits during terminal
differentiation of clonal human neurons.
J Neurochem.
1997;
69
43-52
23
Kortenbruck G, Berger E, Speckmann E-J, Musshoff U.
RNA editing at the Q/R site for the glutamate receptor subunits GluR2, GluR5, and
GluR6 in hippocampus and temporal cortex from epileptic patients.
Neurobiol Dis.
2001;
8
459-468
Prof. Dr. Ulrich Musshoff
Institut für Physiologie · Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität
Robert-Koch-Straße 27 a
48149 Münster