Literatur
- 1
Runyon B A.
Management of adult patients with ascites due to cirrhosis.
Hepatology.
2004;
39
841-856
- 2
Arroyo V, Fernandez-Esparrach G, Gines P.
Diagnostic approach to the cirrhotic patient with ascites.
J Hepatol.
1996;
25 (Suppl 1)
35-40
- 3
Cardenas A, Chopra S.
Chylous ascites.
Am J Gastroenterol.
2002;
97
1896-1900
- 4
Almakdisi T, Massoud S, Makdisi G.
Lymphomas and chylous ascites: review of the literature.
Oncologist.
2005;
10
632-635
- 5
Runyon B A.
Early events in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.
Gut.
2004;
53
782-784
- 6
Castellote J.
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and reagent strips.
Hepatology.
2007;
46
1667-1668
; author reply 1669 – 1670
- 7
Jeffries M A, Stern M A, Gunaratnam N T et al.
Unsuspected infection is infrequent in asymptomatic outpatients with refractory ascites
undergoing therapeutic paracentesis.
Am J Gastroenterol.
1999;
94
2972-2976
- 8
Evans L T, Kim W R, Poterucha J J et al.
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in asymptomatic outpatients with cirrhotic ascites.
Hepatology.
2003;
37
897-901
- 9
Romney R, Mathurin P, Ganne-Carrie N et al.
Usefulness of routine analysis of ascitic fluid at the time of therapeutic paracentesis
in asymptomatic outpatients. Results of a multicenter prospective study.
Gastroenterol Clin Biol.
2005;
29
275-279
- 10
Robert Koch-Institut .
Anforderungen der Hygiene bei Operationen und anderen invasiven Eingriffen – Mitteilung
der Kommission für Krankenhaushygiene und Infektionsprävention am Robert Koch-Institut.
Bundesgesundheitsblatt.
2000;
43
644-648
- 11
Schlottmann K, Gelbmann C, Grune S et al.
A new paracentesis needle for ascites and pleural effusion compared with the venous
indwelling catheter. A prospective, randomized study.
Med Klin.
2001;
96
321-324
- 12
Gines P, Arroyo V, Rodes J.
Treatment of ascites and renal failure in cirrhosis.
Baillieres Clin Gastroenterol.
1989;
3
165-186
- 13
Shaheen N J, Grimm I S.
Comparison of the Caldwell needle/cannula with Angiocath needle in large volume paracentesis.
Am J Gastroenterol.
1996;
91
1731-1733
- 14
Boccia S, Rollo V, Accorsi L et al.
Paracentesis: a new needle for an old technique.
Endoscopy.
1991;
23
83-84
- 15
Nazeer S R, Dewbre H, Miller A H.
Ultrasound-assisted paracentesis performed by emergency physicians vs. the traditional
technique: a prospective, randomized study.
Am J Emerg Med.
2005;
23
363-367
- 16
Sakai H, Sheer T A, Mendler M H et al.
Choosing the location for non-image guided abdominal paracentesis.
Liver Int.
2005;
25
984-986
- 17
Cattau Jr E L, Benjamin S B, Knuff T E et al.
The accuracy of the physical examination in the diagnosis of suspected ascites.
JAMA.
1982;
247
1164-1166
- 18
Irshad A, Ackerman S J, Anis M et al.
Can the smallest depth of ascitic fluid on sonograms predict the amount of drainable
fluid?.
J Clin Ultrasound.
2009;
37
440-444
- 19
De Gottardi A, Thevenot T, Spahr L et al.
Risk of complications after abdominal paracentesis in cirrhotic patients: a prospective
study.
Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol.
2009;
7
906-909
- 20
Martinet O, Reis E D, Mosimann F.
Delayed hemoperitoneum following large-volume paracentesis in a patient with cirrhosis
and ascites.
Dig Dis Sci.
2000;
45
357-358
- 21
Arnold C, Haag K, Blum H E et al.
Acute hemoperitoneum after large-volume paracentesis.
Gastroenterology.
1997;
113
978-982
- 22
Grabau C M, Crago S F, Hoff L K et al.
Performance standards for therapeutic abdominal paracentesis.
Hepatology.
2004;
40
484-488
- 23
Pache I, Bilodeau M.
Severe haemorrhage following abdominal paracentesis for ascites in patients with liver
disease.
Aliment Pharmacol Ther.
2005;
21
525-529
- 24
Lin C H, Shih F Y, Ma M H et al.
Should bleeding tendency deter abdominal paracentesis?.
Dig Liver Dis.
2005;
37
946-951
- 25
Mallory A, Schaefer J W.
Complications of diagnostic paracentesis in patients with liver disease.
JAMA.
1978;
239
628-630
- 26
Webster S T, Brown K L, Lucey M R et al.
Hemorrhagic complications of large volume abdominal paracentesis.
Am J Gastroenterol.
1996;
91
366-368
- 27
Minocha A.
A fatal case of paracentesis.
Am J Gastroenterol.
1999;
94
856
- 28
McVay P A, Toy P T.
Lack of increased bleeding after paracentesis and thoracentesis in patients with mild
coagulation abnormalities.
Transfusion.
1991;
31
164-171
- 29
Runyon B A.
Paracentesis of ascitic fluid. A safe procedure.
Arch Intern Med.
1986;
146
2259-2261
- 30
Mannucci P M.
Abnormal hemostasis tests and bleeding in chronic liver disease: are they related?
No.
J Thromb Haemost.
2006;
4
721-723
- 31
Angeloni S, Nicolini G, Merli M et al.
Validation of automated blood cell counter for the determination of polymorphonuclear
cell count in the ascitic fluid of cirrhotic patients with or without spontaneous
bacterial peritonitis.
Am J Gastroenterol.
2003;
98
1844-1848
- 32
Rimola A, Garcia-Tsao G, Navasa M et al.
Diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: a consensus
document. International Ascites Club.
J Hepatol.
2000;
32
142-153
- 33
Albillos A, Cuervas-Mons V, Millan I et al.
Ascitic fluid polymorphonuclear cell count and serum to ascites albumin gradient in
the diagnosis of bacterial peritonitis.
Gastroenterology.
1990;
98
134-140
- 34
Jones S R.
The absolute granulocyte count in ascites fluid. An aid to the diagnosis of spontaneous
bacterial peritonitis.
West J Med.
1977;
126
344-346
- 35
Runyon B A.
Low-protein-concentration ascitic fluid is predisposed to spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.
Gastroenterology.
1986;
91
1343-1346
- 36
Llach J, Rimola A, Navasa M et al.
Incidence and predictive factors of first episode of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
in cirrhosis with ascites: relevance of ascitic fluid protein concentration.
Hepatology.
1992;
16
724-727
- 37
Guarner C, Sola R, Soriano G et al.
Risk of a first community-acquired spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotics
with low ascitic fluid protein levels.
Gastroenterology.
1999;
117
414-419
- 38
Canete N, Erice E, Bargallo A et al.
Natural history of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: A longitudinal study in 263
cirrhotic patients after the first ascites decompensation.
J Hepatol.
2007;
46
S90-S91
- 39
Pare P, Talbot J, Hoefs J C.
Serum-ascites albumin concentration gradient: a physiologic approach to the differential
diagnosis of ascites.
Gastroenterology.
1983;
85
240-244
- 40
Runyon B A, Montano A A, Akriviadis E A et al.
The serum-ascites albumin gradient is superior to the exudate-transudate concept in
the differential diagnosis of ascites.
Ann Intern Med.
1992;
117
215-220
- 41
Dittrich S, Yordi L M, Mattos A A.
The value of serum-ascites albumin gradient for the determination of portal hypertension
in the diagnosis of ascites.
Hepatogastroenterology.
2001;
48
166-168
- 42
Runyon B A, Canawati H N, Akriviadis E A.
Optimization of ascitic fluid culture technique.
Gastroenterology.
1988;
95
1351-1355
- 43
Castellote de J, Xiol X, Verdaguer R et al.
Comparison of two ascitic fluid culture methods in cirrhotic patients with spontaneous
bacterial peritonitis.
Am J Gastroenterol.
1990;
85
1605-1608
- 44
Bobadilla M, Sifuentes J, Garcia-Tsao G.
Improved method for bacteriological diagnosis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.
J Clin Microbiol.
1989;
27
2145-2147
- 45
Caly W R, Strauss E.
A prospective study of bacterial infections in patients with cirrhosis.
J Hepatol.
1993;
18
353-358
- 46
Kuiper J J, Buuren H R, Man de R A.
Limited role for routine ascites culture as a diagnostic tool for spontaneous bacterial
peritonitis in the era of prophylactic antibiotics.
J Hepatol.
2007;
46
S96
- 47
Butani R C, Shaffer R T, Szyjkowski R D et al.
Rapid diagnosis of infected ascitic fluid using leukocyte esterase dipstick testing.
Am J Gastroenterol.
2004;
99
532-537
- 48
Castellote van J, Lopez C, Gornals J et al.
Rapid diagnosis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis by use of reagent strips.
Hepatology.
2003;
37
893-896
- 49
Sapey T, Kabissa D, Fort E et al.
Instant diagnosis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis using leukocyte esterase reagent
strips: Nephur-Test vs. MultistixSG.
Liver Int.
2005;
25
343-348
- 50
Thevenot T, Cadranel J F, Nguyen-Khac E et al.
Diagnosis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients by use of two
reagent strips.
Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol.
2004;
16
579-583
- 51
Vanbiervliet G, Rakotoarisoa C, Filippi J et al.
Diagnostic accuracy of a rapid urine-screening test (Multistix8SG) in cirrhotic patients
with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.
Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol.
2002;
14
1257-1260
- 52
Campillo B, Richardet J P, Dupeyron C.
Diagnostic value of two reagent strips (Multistix 8 SG and Combur 2 LN) in cirrhotic
patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and symptomatic bacterascites.
Gastroenterol Clin Biol.
2006;
30
446-452
- 53
Nousbaum J B, Cadranel J F, Nahon P et al.
Diagnostic accuracy of the Multistix 8 SG reagent strip in diagnosis of spontaneous
bacterial peritonitis.
Hepatology.
2007;
45
1275-1281
- 54
Nguyen-Khac E, Cadranel J F, Thevenot T et al.
Review article: the utility of reagent strips in the diagnosis of infected ascites
in cirrhotic patients.
Aliment Pharmacol Ther.
2008;
28
282-288
- 55
Runyon B A, Hoefs J C, Morgan T R.
Ascitic fluid analysis in malignancy-related ascites.
Hepatology.
1988;
8
1104-1109
- 56
Decker D, Stratmann H, Springer W et al.
Benign and malignant cells in effusions: diagnostic value of image DNA cytometry in
comparison to cytological analysis.
Pathol Res Pract.
1998;
194
791-795
- 57
Jungst D, Gerbes A L, Martin R et al.
Value of ascitic lipids in the differentiation between cirrhotic and malignant ascites.
Hepatology.
1986;
6
239-243
- 58
Gerbes A L, Xie Y N, Mezger J et al.
Ascitic fluid concentrations of fibronectin and cholesterol: comparison of differential
diagnostic value with the conventional protein determination.
Liver.
1990;
10
152-157
- 59
Gerbes A L, Jungst D, Xie Y N et al.
Ascitic fluid analysis for the differentiation of malignancy-related and nonmalignant
ascites. Proposal of a diagnostic sequence.
Cancer.
1991;
68
1808-1814
- 60
Gulyas M, Kaposi A D, Elek G et al.
Value of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and cholesterol assays of ascitic fluid in
cases of inconclusive cytology.
J Clin Pathol.
2001;
54
831-835
- 61
Boyer T D, Kahn A M, Reynolds T B.
Diagnostic value of ascitic fluid lactic dehydrogenase, protein, and WBC levels.
Arch Intern Med.
1978;
138
1103-1105
- 62
Scholmerich J, Volk B A, Kottgen E et al.
Fibronectin concentration in ascites differentiates between malignant and nonmalignant
ascites.
Gastroenterology.
1984;
87
1160-1164
- 63
Runyon B A.
Elevated ascitic fluid fibronectin concentration. A non-specific finding.
J Hepatol.
1986;
3
219-222
- 64
Chen S J, Wang S S, Lu C W et al.
Clinical value of tumour markers and serum-ascites albumin gradient in the diagnosis
of malignancy-related ascites.
J Gastroenterol Hepatol.
1994;
9
396-400
- 65
Khandwalla H E, Fasakin Y, El-Serag H B.
The utility of evaluating low serum albumin gradient ascites in patients with cirrhosis.
Am J Gastroenterol.
2009;
104
1401-1405
- 66
Böcking A, Motherby H, Pomjanski N.
Treffsicherheit der Ergusszytologie samt adjuvanten Untersuchungsmethoden.
Dtsch Ärztebl.
2000;
97
A-2626
- 67 Feichter G, Dalquen P. Zytopathologie. Berlin: Springer; 2000
- 68
Motherby H, Nadjari B, Friegel P et al.
Diagnostic accuracy of effusion cytology.
Diagn Cytopathol.
1999;
20
350-357
- 69 Rohn B L. Verbesserung der Treffsicherheit der Ergusszytologie mittels AgNOR-Analyse
als adjuvante Untersuchungsmethode. Düsseldorf: Institut für Cytopathologie. Medizinische
Fakultät der Heinrich-Heine Universität; 2004: 45
- 70
Moore K P, Aithal G P.
Guidelines on the management of ascites in cirrhosis.
Gut.
2006;
55 (Suppl 6)
vi1-12
- 71 Böcking A. DNA measurements: When and why?. In: Wied G L, Keebler C M, Rosenthal D L,
eds Compendium on quality assurance, proficiency testing, and workload limitations.
Tutorials of Cytology 1995.. Chicago IL; 1995: 170-188
- 72
Schlake W, Kreipe H.
Mitteilungen Deutsche Gesellschaft für Pathologie. Erklärung zur Zytopathologie.
. Unter Mitarbeit von: A. Böcking, R. Bollmann, S. Falk, V. Fritzsche, A. Wellmann.
Pathologe.
2007;
28
393
- 73 Spriggs A I, Boddington M M. The Cytology of Effusions in the Pleural, Pericardial
and Peritoneal Cavities and of Cerebrospinal Fluid. 2nd ed. London: Heinemann; 1968
- 74
Giroud F, Haroske G, Reith A et al.
1997 ESACP consensus report on diagnostic DNA image cytometry. Part II: Specific recommendations
for quality assurance. European Society for Analytical Cellular Pathology.
Anal Cell Pathol.
1998;
17
201-208
- 75
Haroske G, Giroud F, Reith A et al.
1997 ESACP consensus report on diagnostic DNA image cytometry. Part I: basic considerations
and recommendations for preparation, measurement and interpretation. European Society
for Analytical Cellular Pathology.
Anal Cell Pathol.
1998;
17
189-200
- 76
Motherby H, Nadjari B, Remmerbach T et al.
Static DNA cytometry as a diagnostic aid in effusion cytology: II. DNA aneuploidy
for identification of neoplastic cells in equivocal effusions.
Anal Quant Cytol Histol.
1998;
20
162-168
- 77
Pomjanski N, Motherby H, Buckstegge B et al.
Early diagnosis of mesothelioma in serous effusions using AgNOR analysis.
Anal Quant Cytol Histol.
2001;
23
151-160
- 78
Darwish Murad S, Plessier A, Hernandez-Guerra M et al.
Etiology, management, and outcome of the Budd-Chiari syndrome.
Ann Intern Med.
2009;
151
167-175
- 79
Valla D C.
Budd-Chiari syndrome and veno-occlusive disease/sinusoidal obstruction syndrome.
Gut.
2008;
57
1469-1478
- 80
Darwish Murad S, Valla D C, Groen P C et al.
Determinants of survival and the effect of portosystemic shunting in patients with
Budd-Chiari syndrome.
Hepatology.
2004;
39
500-508
- 81
Menon K V, Shah de V, Kamath P S.
The Budd-Chiari syndrome.
N Engl J Med.
2004;
350
578-585
- 82
Ludwig J, Hashimoto E, McGill D B et al.
Classification of hepatic venous outflow obstruction: ambiguous terminology of the
Budd-Chiari syndrome.
Mayo Clin Proc.
1990;
65
51-55
- 83
Okuda K, Kage M, Shrestha S M.
Proposal of a new nomenclature for Budd-Chiari syndrome: hepatic vein thrombosis versus
thrombosis of the inferior vena cava at its hepatic portion.
Hepatology.
1998;
28
1191-1198
- 84
Hoekstra J, Leebeek F W, Plessier A et al.
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria in Budd-Chiari syndrome: findings from a cohort
study.
J Hepatol.
2009;
51
696-706
- 85
Bolondi L, Gaiani S, Li Bassi S et al.
Diagnosis of Budd-Chiari syndrome by pulsed Doppler ultrasound.
Gastroenterology.
1991;
100
1324-1331
- 86
Miller W J, Federle M P, Straub W H et al.
Budd-Chiari syndrome: imaging with pathologic correlation.
Abdom Imaging.
1993;
18
329-335
- 87
Janssen H L, Garcia-Pagan J C, Elias E et al.
Budd-Chiari syndrome: a review by an expert panel.
J Hepatol.
2003;
38
364-371
- 88
Valla D, Casadevall N, Lacombe C et al.
Primary myeloproliferative disorder and hepatic vein thrombosis. A prospective study
of erythroid colony formation in vitro in 20 patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome.
Ann Intern Med.
1985;
103
329-334
- 89
Valla D.
Hepatic venous outflow tract obstruction etiopathogenesis: Asia versus the West.
J Gastroenterol Hepatol.
2004;
19
S204-S211
- 90
Shulman H M, Fisher L B, Schoch H G et al.
Veno-occlusive disease of the liver after marrow transplantation: histological correlates
of clinical signs and symptoms.
Hepatology.
1994;
19
1171-1181
- 91
Soriano G, Castellote J, Alvarez C et al.
Secondary bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis: a retrospective study of clinical and
analytical characteristics, diagnosis and management.
J Hepatol.
2010;
52
39-44
- 92
Caralis P V, Sprung C L, Schiff E R.
Secondary bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients with ascites.
South Med J.
1984;
77
579-583
- 93
Runyon B A, Hoefs J C.
Ascitic fluid analysis in the differentiation of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
from gastrointestinal tract perforation into ascitic fluid.
Hepatology.
1984;
4
447-450
- 94
Akriviadis E A, Runyon B A.
Utility of an algorithm in differentiating spontaneous from secondary bacterial peritonitis.
Gastroenterology.
1990;
98
127-133
- 95
Garrison R N, Cryer H M, Howard D A et al.
Clarification of risk factors for abdominal operations in patients with hepatic cirrhosis.
Ann Surg.
1984;
199
648-655
- 96
Wu S S, Lin O S, Chen Y Y et al.
Ascitic fluid carcinoembryonic antigen and alkaline phosphatase levels for the differentiation
of primary from secondary bacterial peritonitis with intestinal perforation.
J Hepatol.
2001;
34
215-221
- 97
Mullen K D.
Review of the final report of the 1998 Working Party on definition, nomenclature and
diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy.
Aliment Pharmacol Ther.
2007;
25 Suppl 1
11-16
- 98
Moreau R, Lebrec D.
Diagnosis and treatment of acute renal failure in patients with cirrhosis.
Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol.
2007;
21
111-123
- 99
D’Amico G, Morabito A, Pagliaro L et al.
Survival and prognostic indicators in compensated and decompensated cirrhosis.
Dig Dis Sci.
1986;
31
468-475
- 100
Guardiola J, Baliellas C, Xiol X et al.
External validation of a prognostic model for predicting survival of cirrhotic patients
with refractory ascites.
Am J Gastroenterol.
2002;
97
2374-2378
- 101
Planas R, Montoliu S, Balleste B et al.
Natural history of patients hospitalized for management of cirrhotic ascites.
Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol.
2006;
4
1385-1394
- 102
Gines P, Cardenas A, Arroyo V et al.
Management of cirrhosis and ascites.
N Engl J Med.
2004;
350
1646-1654
- 103
Llovet J M, Planas R, Morillas R et al.
Short-term prognosis of cirrhotics with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: multivariate
study.
Am J Gastroenterol.
1993;
88
388-392
- 104
Peng S, Plank L D, McCall J L et al.
Body composition, muscle function, and energy expenditure in patients with liver cirrhosis:
a comprehensive study.
Am J Clin Nutr.
2007;
85
1257-1266
- 105
Prijatmoko D, Strauss B J, Lambert J R et al.
Early detection of protein depletion in alcoholic cirrhosis: role of body composition
analysis.
Gastroenterology.
1993;
105
1839-1845
- 106
Cabre E, Gonzalez-Huix F, Abad-Lacruz A et al.
Effect of total enteral nutrition on the short-term outcome of severely malnourished
cirrhotics. A randomized controlled trial.
Gastroenterology.
1990;
98
715-720
- 107
Kearns P J, Young H, Garcia G et al.
Accelerated improvement of alcoholic liver disease with enteral nutrition.
Gastroenterology.
1992;
102
200-205
- 108
Caregaro L, Alberino F, Amodio P et al.
Malnutrition in alcoholic and virus-related cirrhosis.
Am J Clin Nutr.
1996;
63
602-609
- 109
Selberg O, Bottcher J, Tusch G et al.
Identification of high- and low-risk patients before liver transplantation: a prospective
cohort study of nutritional and metabolic parameters in 150 patients.
Hepatology.
1997;
25
652-657
- 110
Pirlich M, Schutz T, Spachos T et al.
Bioelectrical impedance analysis is a useful bedside technique to assess malnutrition
in cirrhotic patients with and without ascites.
Hepatology.
2000;
32
1208-1215
- 111
Selberg O, Selberg D.
Norms and correlates of bioimpedance phase angle in healthy human subjects, hospitalized
patients, and patients with liver cirrhosis.
Eur J Appl Physiol.
2002;
86
509-516
- 112
Plauth M, Cabre E, Riggio O et al.
ESPEN Guidelines on Enteral Nutrition: Liver disease.
Clin Nutr.
2006;
25
285-294
- 113
Plauth M, Cabre E, Campillo B et al.
ESPEN Guidelines on Parenteral Nutrition: hepatology.
Clin Nutr.
2009;
28
436-444
- 114
Plauth M, Schutz T, Buckendahl D P et al.
Weight gain after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt is associated with
improvement in body composition in malnourished patients with cirrhosis and hypermetabolism.
J Hepatol.
2004;
40
228-233
- 115
Plank L D, Gane E J, Peng S et al.
Nocturnal nutritional supplementation improves total body protein status of patients
with liver cirrhosis: a randomized 12-month trial.
Hepatology.
2008;
48
557-566
- 116
Zillikens M C, Berg J W, Wattimena J L et al.
Nocturnal oral glucose supplementation. The effects on protein metabolism in cirrhotic
patients and in healthy controls.
J Hepatol.
1993;
17
377-383
- 117
Cordoba van den J, Lopez-Hellin J, Planas M et al.
Normal protein diet for episodic hepatic encephalopathy: results of a randomized study.
J Hepatol.
2004;
41
38-43
- 118
Madden A M, Bradbury W, Morgan M Y.
Taste perception in cirrhosis: its relationship to circulating micronutrients and
food preferences.
Hepatology.
1997;
26
40-48
- 119
Soulsby C T, Madden A M, Morgan M Y.
The effect of dietary sodium restriction on energy and protein intake in patients
with cirrhosis (Abstract).
Hepatology.
1997;
26
382A
- 120
Chobanian A V, Bakris G L, Black H R et al.
Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation,
and Treatment of High Blood Pressure.
Hypertension.
2003;
42
1206-1252
- 121
Mancia G, De Backer G, Dominiczak A et al.
2007 Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension: The Task Force for the
Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH)
and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC).
J Hypertens.
2007;
25
1105-1187
- 122
Reynolds T B, Lieberman F L, Goodman A R.
Advantages of treatment of ascites without sodium restriction and without complete
removal of excess fluid.
Gut.
1978;
19
549-553
- 123
Gauthier A, Levy V G, Quinton A et al.
Salt or no salt in the treatment of cirrhotic ascites: a randomised study.
Gut.
1986;
27
705-709
- 124
Bernardi M, Laffi G, Salvagnini M et al.
Efficacy and safety of the stepped care medical treatment of ascites in liver cirrhosis:
a randomized controlled clinical trial comparing two diets with different sodium content.
Liver.
1993;
13
156-162
- 125
Ring-Larsen H, Henriksen J H, Wilken C et al.
Diuretic treatment in decompensated cirrhosis and congestive heart failure: effect
of posture.
Br Med J (Clin Res Ed).
1986;
292
1351-1353
- 126
Angeli P, Wong F, Watson H et al.
Hyponatremia in cirrhosis: Results of a patient population survey.
Hepatology.
2006;
44
1535-1542
- 127
Biggins S W, Kim W R, Terrault N A et al.
Evidence-based incorporation of serum sodium concentration into MELD.
Gastroenterology.
2006;
130
1652-1660
- 128
Hecker R, Sherlock S.
Electrolyte and circulatory changes in terminal liver failure.
Lancet.
1956;
271
1121-1125
- 129
Kim W R, Biggins S W, Kremers W K et al.
Hyponatremia and mortality among patients on the liver-transplant waiting list.
N Engl J Med.
2008;
359
1018-1026
- 130
Abbasoglu O, Goldstein R M, Vodapally M S et al.
Liver transplantation in hyponatremic patients with emphasis on central pontine myelinolysis.
Clin Transplant.
1998;
12
263-269
- 131
Sterns R H.
Severe symptomatic hyponatremia: treatment and outcome. A study of 64 cases.
Ann Intern Med.
1987;
107
656-664
- 132
Runyon B A.
Management of adult patients with ascites due to cirrhosis: an update.
Hepatology.
2009;
49
2087-2107
- 133
Descos L, Gauthier A, Levy V G et al.
Comparison of six treatments of ascites in patients with liver cirrhosis. A clinical
trial.
Hepatogastroenterology.
1983;
30
15-20
- 134
Fogel M R, Sawhney V K, Neal E A et al.
Diuresis in the ascitic patient: a randomized controlled trial of three regimens.
J Clin Gastroenterol.
1981;
3 (Suppl 1)
73-80
- 135
Perez-Ayuso R M, Arroyo V, Planas R et al.
Randomized comparative study of efficacy of furosemide versus spironolactone in nonazotemic
cirrhosis with ascites. Relationship between the diuretic response and the activity
of the renin-aldosterone system.
Gastroenterology.
1983;
84
961-968
- 136
Santos J, Planas R, Pardo A et al.
Spironolactone alone or in combination with furosemide in the treatment of moderate
ascites in nonazotemic cirrhosis. A randomized comparative study of efficacy and safety.
J Hepatol.
2003;
39
187-192
- 137
Pockros P J, Reynolds T B.
Rapid diuresis in patients with ascites from chronic liver disease: the importance
of peripheral edema.
Gastroenterology.
1986;
90
1827-1833
- 138
Bernardi M, Servadei D, Trevisani F et al.
Importance of plasma aldosterone concentration on the natriuretic effect of spironolactone
in patients with liver cirrhosis and ascites.
Digestion.
1985;
31
189-193
- 139
Gatta A, Angeli P, Caregaro L et al.
A pathophysiological interpretation of unresponsiveness to spironolactone in a stepped-care
approach to the diuretic treatment of ascites in nonazotemic cirrhotic patients.
Hepatology.
1991;
14
231-236
- 140
Angeli P, Fasolato S, Mazza E et al.
Combined versus sequential diuretic treatment of ascites in non-azotaemic patients
with cirrhosis: results of an open randomised clinical trial.
Gut.
2010;
59
98-104
- 141
Daskalopoulos G, Laffi G, Morgan T et al.
Immediate effects of furosemide on renal hemodynamics in chronic liver disease with
ascites.
Gastroenterology.
1987;
92
1859-1863
- 142
Sawhney V K, Gregory P B, Swezey S E et al.
Furosemide disposition in cirrhotic patients.
Gastroenterology.
1981;
81
1012-1016
- 143
Stanley M M, Ochi S, Lee K K et al.
Peritoneovenous shunting as compared with medical treatment in patients with alcoholic
cirrhosis and massive ascites. Veterans Administration Cooperative Study on Treatment
of Alcoholic Cirrhosis with Ascites.
N Engl J Med.
1989;
321
1632-1638
- 144
Runyon B A.
Care of patients with ascites.
N Engl J Med.
1994;
330
337-342
- 145
Abecasis R, Guevara M, Miguez C et al.
Long-term efficacy of torasemide compared with frusemide in cirrhotic patients with
ascites.
Scand J Gastroenterol.
2001;
36
309-313
- 146
Fiaccadori F, Pedretti G, Pasetti G et al.
Torasemide versus furosemide in cirrhosis: a long-term, double-blind, randomized clinical
study.
Clin Investig.
1993;
71
579-584
- 147
Gerbes A L, Bertheau-Reith U, Falkner C et al.
Advantages of the new loop diuretic torasemide over furosemide in patients with cirrhosis
and ascites. A randomized, double blind cross-over trial.
J Hepatol.
1993;
17
353-358
- 148
Angeli P, Dalla Pria M, De Bei E et al.
Randomized clinical study of the efficacy of amiloride and potassium canrenoate in
nonazotemic cirrhotic patients with ascites.
Hepatology.
1994;
19
72-79
- 149
Ginsberg D J, Saad A, Gabuzda G J.
Metabolic Studies with the Diuretic Triamterene in Patients with Cirrhosis and Ascites.
N Engl J Med.
1964;
271
1229-1235
- 150
Knauf H, Mutschler E.
Liver cirrhosis with ascites: pathogenesis of resistance to diuretics and long-term
efficacy and safety of torasemide.
Cardiology.
1994;
84 (Suppl 2)
87-98
- 151
McHutchison J G, Pinto P C, Reynolds T B.
Hydrochlorothiazide as a third diuretic in cirrhosis with refractory ascites (Abstract).
Hepatology.
1989;
10
719
- 152
Pitt B, Remme W, Zannad F et al.
Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction
after myocardial infarction.
N Engl J Med.
2003;
348
1309-1321
- 153
Gines P, Wong F, Watson H et al.
Effects of satavaptan, a selective vasopressin V(2) receptor antagonist, on ascites
and serum sodium in cirrhosis with hyponatremia: a randomized trial.
Hepatology.
2008;
48
204-213
- 154
Rosemurgy A S, Zervos E E, Clark W C et al.
TIPS versus peritoneovenous shunt in the treatment of medically intractable ascites:
a prospective randomized trial.
Ann Surg.
2004;
239
883-889
; discussion 889 – 891
- 155
Gines A, Fernandez-Esparrach G, Monescillo A et al.
Randomized trial comparing albumin, dextran 70, and polygeline in cirrhotic patients
with ascites treated by paracentesis.
Gastroenterology.
1996;
111
1002-1010
- 156
Gines P, Tito L, Arroyo V et al.
Randomized comparative study of therapeutic paracentesis with and without intravenous
albumin in cirrhosis.
Gastroenterology.
1988;
94
1493-1502
- 157
Pozzi M, Osculati G, Boari G et al.
Time course of circulatory and humoral effects of rapid total paracentesis in cirrhotic
patients with tense, refractory ascites.
Gastroenterology.
1994;
106
709-719
- 158
Lebrec D, Giuily N, Hadengue A et al.
Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts: comparison with paracentesis in patients
with cirrhosis and refractory ascites: a randomized trial. French Group of Clinicians
and a Group of Biologists.
J Hepatol.
1996;
25
135-144
- 159
Wong F, Sniderman K, Liu P et al.
Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent shunt: effects on hemodynamics and sodium
homeostasis in cirrhosis and refractory ascites.
Ann Intern Med.
1995;
122
816-822
- 160
Gines P, Uriz J, Calahorra B et al.
Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting versus paracentesis plus albumin
for refractory ascites in cirrhosis.
Gastroenterology.
2002;
123
1839-1847
- 161
Rossle M, Ochs A, Gulberg V et al.
A comparison of paracentesis and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting
in patients with ascites.
N Engl J Med.
2000;
342
1701-1707
- 162
Salerno F, Camma C, Enea M et al.
Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for refractory ascites: a meta-analysis
of individual patient data.
Gastroenterology.
2007;
133
825-834
- 163
Sanyal A J, Genning C, Reddy K R et al.
The North American Study for the Treatment of Refractory Ascites.
Gastroenterology.
2003;
124
634-641
- 164
Salerno F, Merli M, Riggio O et al.
Randomized controlled study of TIPS versus paracentesis plus albumin in cirrhosis
with severe ascites.
Hepatology.
2004;
40
629-635
- 165
Gulberg V, Liss I, Bilzer M et al.
Improved quality of life in patients with refractory or recidivant ascites after insertion
of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts.
Digestion.
2002;
66
127-130
- 166
Bureau C, Garcia-Pagan J C, Otal P et al.
Improved clinical outcome using polytetrafluoroethylene-coated stents for TIPS: results
of a randomized study.
Gastroenterology.
2004;
126
469-475
- 167
Albillos A, Banares R, Gonzalez M et al.
A meta-analysis of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt versus paracentesis
for refractory ascites.
J Hepatol.
2005;
43
990-996
- 168
D’Amico G, Luca A, Morabito A et al.
Uncovered transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for refractory ascites: a
meta-analysis.
Gastroenterology.
2005;
129
1282-1293
- 169
Deltenre P, Mathurin P, Dharancy S et al.
Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in refractory ascites: a meta-analysis.
Liver Int.
2005;
25
349-356
- 170
Riggio O, Ridola L, Angeloni S et al.
Clinical efficacy of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt created with covered
stents with different diameters: results of a randomized controlled trial.
J Hepatol.
2010;
53
267-272
- 171
Rossle M, Mullen K D.
Long-term patency is expected with covered TIPS stents: this effect may not always
be desirable!.
Hepatology.
2004;
40
495-497
- 172
Rossle M, Gerbes A L.
TIPS for the treatment of refractory ascites, hepatorenal syndrome and hepatic hydrothorax:
a critical update.
Gut.
2010;
59
988-1000
- 173
Chalasani N, Clark W S, Martin L G et al.
Determinants of mortality in patients with advanced cirrhosis after transjugular intrahepatic
portosystemic shunting.
Gastroenterology.
2000;
118
138-144
- 174
Rajan D K, Haskal Z J, Clark T W.
Serum bilirubin and early mortality after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic
shunts: results of a multivariate analysis.
J Vasc Interv Radiol.
2002;
13
155-161
- 175
Gerbes A L, Gulberg V.
Benefit of TIPS for patients with refractory or recidivant ascites: serum bilirubin
may make the difference.
Hepatology.
2005;
41
217
- 176
Cazzaniga M, Salerno F, Pagnozzi G et al.
Diastolic dysfunction is associated with poor survival in patients with cirrhosis
with transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt.
Gut.
2007;
56
869-875
- 177
Runyon B A.
Monomicrobial nonneutrocytic bacterascites: a variant of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.
Hepatology.
1990;
12
710-715
- 178
Fernandez J, Navasa M, Gomez J et al.
Bacterial infections in cirrhosis: epidemiological changes with invasive procedures
and norfloxacin prophylaxis.
Hepatology.
2002;
35
140-148
- 179
Castellote J, Girbau A, Maisterra S et al.
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and bacterascites prevalence in asymptomatic cirrhotic
outpatients undergoing large-volume paracentesis.
J Gastroenterol Hepatol.
2008;
23
256-259
- 180
Conn H O, Fessel J M.
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis: variations on a theme.
Medicine.
1971;
50
161-197
- 181
Gines P, Rimola A, Planas R et al.
Norfloxacin prevents spontaneous bacterial peritonitis recurrence in cirrhosis: results
of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Hepatology.
1990;
12
716-724
- 182
Tito L, Rimola A, Gines P et al.
Recurrence of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis: frequency and predictive
factors.
Hepatology.
1988;
8
27-31
- 183
Hsieh W J, Lin H C, Hwang S J et al.
The effect of ciprofloxacin in the prevention of bacterial infection in patients with
cirrhosis after upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
Am J Gastroenterol.
1998;
93
962-966
- 184
Pauwels A, Mostefa-Kara N, Debenes B et al.
Systemic antibiotic prophylaxis after gastrointestinal hemorrhage in cirrhotic patients
with a high risk of infection.
Hepatology.
1996;
24
802-806
- 185
Rolachon A, Cordier L, Bacq Y et al.
Ciprofloxacin and long-term prevention of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: results
of a prospective controlled trial.
Hepatology.
1995;
22
1171-1174
- 186
Soriano G, Guarner C, Teixido M et al.
Selective intestinal decontamination prevents spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.
Gastroenterology.
1991;
100
477-481
- 187
Terg R, Fassio E, Guevara M et al.
Ciprofloxacin in primary prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: a randomized,
placebo-controlled study.
J Hepatol.
2008;
48
774-779
- 188
Obstein K L, Campbell M S, Reddy K R et al.
Association between model for end-stage liver disease and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.
Am J Gastroenterol.
2007;
102
2732-2736
- 189
Bajaj J S, Zadvornova Y, Heuman D M et al.
Association of proton pump inhibitor therapy with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
in cirrhotic patients with ascites.
Am J Gastroenterol.
2009;
104
1130-1134
- 190
Appenrodt B, Grunhage F, Gentemann M G et al.
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2) variants are genetic
risk factors for death and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in liver cirrhosis.
Hepatology.
2010;
51
1327-1333
- 191
Chu C M, Chang K Y, Liaw Y F.
Prevalence and prognostic significance of bacterascites in cirrhosis with ascites.
Dig Dis Sci.
1995;
40
561-565
- 192
Follo A, Llovet J M, Navasa M et al.
Renal impairment after spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis: incidence,
clinical course, predictive factors and prognosis.
Hepatology.
1994;
20
1495-1501
- 193
Nobre S R, Cabral J E, Gomes J J et al.
In-hospital mortality in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: a new predictive model.
Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol.
2008;
20
1176-1181
- 194
Pinzello G, Simonetti R G, Craxi A et al.
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: a prospective investigation in predominantly nonalcoholic
cirrhotic patients.
Hepatology.
1983;
3
545-549
- 195
Thuluvath P J, Morss S, Thompson R.
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis--in-hospital mortality, predictors of survival,
and health care costs from 1988 to 1998.
Am J Gastroenterol.
2001;
96
1232-1236
- 196
Toledo C, Salmeron J M, Rimola A et al.
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis: predictive factors of infection resolution
and survival in patients treated with cefotaxime.
Hepatology.
1993;
17
251-257
- 197
Andreu M, Sola R, Sitges-Serra A et al.
Risk factors for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients with ascites.
Gastroenterology.
1993;
104
1133-1138
- 198
Silvain C, Besson I, Ingrand P et al.
Prognosis and long-term recurrence of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis.
J Hepatol.
1993;
19
188-189
- 199
Terg R, Levi D, Lopez P et al.
Analysis of clinical course and prognosis of culture-positive spontaneous bacterial
peritonitis and neutrocytic ascites. Evidence of the same disease.
Dig Dis Sci.
1992;
37
1499-1504
- 200
Altman C, Grange J D, Amiot X et al.
Survival after a first episode of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Prognosis of
potential candidates for orthotopic liver transplantation.
J Gastroenterol Hepatol.
1995;
10
47-50
- 201
Almdal T P, Skinhoj P.
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis. Incidence, diagnosis, and prognosis.
Scand J Gastroenterol.
1987;
22
295-300
- 202
Weinstein M P, Iannini P B, Stratton C W et al.
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. A review of 28 cases with emphasis on improved
survival and factors influencing prognosis.
Am J Med.
1978;
64
592-598
- 203
Terg R, Gadano A, Cartier M et al.
Serum creatinine and bilirubin predict renal failure and mortality in patients with
spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: a retrospective study.
Liver Int.
2009;
29
415-419
- 204
Franca A V, De Souza J B, Silva C M et al.
Long-term prognosis of cirrhosis after spontaneous bacterial peritonitis treated with
ceftriaxone.
J Clin Gastroenterol.
2001;
33
295-298
- 205
Kamani L, Mumtaz K, Ahmed U S et al.
Outcomes in culture positive and culture negative ascitic fluid infection in patients
with viral cirrhosis: cohort study.
BMC Gastroenterol.
2008;
8
59
- 206
Cho J H, Park K H, Kim S H et al.
Bacteremia is a prognostic factor for poor outcome in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.
Scand J Infect Dis.
2007;
39
697-702
- 207
Alvarez R F, Mattos A A, Correa E B et al.
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole versus norfloxacin in the prophylaxis of spontaneous
bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis.
Arq Gastroenterol.
2005;
42
256-262
- 208
Singh N, Gayowski T, Yu V L et al.
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for the prevention of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
in cirrhosis: a randomized trial.
Ann Intern Med.
1995;
122
595-598
- 209
Novella M, Sola R, Soriano G et al.
Continuous versus inpatient prophylaxis of the first episode of spontaneous bacterial
peritonitis with norfloxacin.
Hepatology.
1997;
25
532-536
- 210
Fernandez J, Navasa M, Planas R et al.
Primary prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis delays hepatorenal syndrome
and improves survival in cirrhosis.
Gastroenterology.
2007;
133
818-824
- 211
Grange J D, Roulot D, Pelletier G et al.
Norfloxacin primary prophylaxis of bacterial infections in cirrhotic patients with
ascites: a double-blind randomized trial.
J Hepatol.
1998;
29
430-436
- 212
Loomba R, Wesley R, Bain A et al.
Role of fluoroquinolones in the primary prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis:
meta-analysis.
Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol.
2009;
7
487-493
- 213
Saab S, Hernandez J C, Chi A C et al.
Oral antibiotic prophylaxis reduces spontaneous bacterial peritonitis occurrence and
improves short-term survival in cirrhosis: a meta-analysis.
Am J Gastroenterol.
2009;
104
993-1001
; quiz 1002
- 214
Krag A, Wiest R, Gluud L L.
Fluoroquinolones in the primary prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.
Am J Gastroenterol.
2010;
105
1444
; author reply 1444 – 1445
- 215
Lo R, Austin A S, Freeman J G.
Antibiotic prophylaxis for the primary prevention of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
in cirrhotic patients with low ascitic protein: A meta-analysis.
J Hepatol.
2009;
50
S82
- 216
Ortiz J, Vila M C, Soriano G et al.
Infections caused by Escherichia coli resistant to norfloxacin in hospitalized cirrhotic
patients.
Hepatology.
1999;
29
1064-1069
- 217
Bajaj J S, Ananthakrishnan A N, Hafeezullah M et al.
Clostridium difficile is associated with poor outcomes in patients with cirrhosis:
A national and tertiary center perspective.
Am J Gastroenterol.
2010;
105
106-113
- 218
Runyon B A.
A pill a day can improve survival in patients with advanced cirrhosis.
Gastroenterology.
2007;
133
1029-1031
- 219
Wade J J, Rolando N, Hayllar K et al.
Bacterial and fungal infections after liver transplantation: an analysis of 284 patients.
Hepatology.
1995;
21
1328-1336
- 220
Lontos S, Gow P J, Vaughan R B et al.
Norfloxacin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole therapy have similar efficacy in prevention
of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.
J Gastroenterol Hepatol.
2008;
23
252-255
- 221
Terg R, Llano K, Cobas S M et al.
Effects of oral ciprofloxacin on aerobic gram-negative fecal flora in patients with
cirrhosis: results of short- and long-term administration, with daily and weekly dosages.
J Hepatol.
1998;
29
437-442
- 222
Goulis J, Patch D, Burroughs A K.
Bacterial infection in the pathogenesis of variceal bleeding.
Lancet.
1999;
353
139-142
- 223
Bernard B, Cadranel J F, Valla D et al.
Prognostic significance of bacterial infection in bleeding cirrhotic patients: a prospective
study.
Gastroenterology.
1995;
108
1828-1834
- 224
Goulis J, Armonis A, Patch D et al.
Bacterial infection is independently associated with failure to control bleeding in
cirrhotic patients with gastrointestinal hemorrhage.
Hepatology.
1998;
27
1207-1212
- 225
Bernard B, Grange J D, Khac E N et al.
Antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of bacterial infections in cirrhotic patients
with gastrointestinal bleeding: a meta-analysis.
Hepatology.
1999;
29
1655-1661
- 226
Chaves-Tapia N C, Barrientos-Gutierres T, Tellez-Avila F I et al.
Antibiotic prophylaxis for cirrhotic patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
2010 Sep 8;
(9)
CD002907
- 227
Franchis de R.
Evolving consensus in portal hypertension. Report of the Baveno IV consensus workshop
on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in portal hypertension.
J Hepatol.
2005;
43
167-176
- 228
Tuncer I, Topcu N, Durmus A et al.
Oral ciprofloxacin versus intravenous cefotaxime and ceftriaxone in the treatment
of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.
Hepatogastroenterology.
2003;
50
1426-1430
- 229
Navasa M, Follo A, Llovet J M et al.
Randomized, comparative study of oral ofloxacin versus intravenous cefotaxime in spontaneous
bacterial peritonitis.
Gastroenterology.
1996;
111
1011-1017
- 230
Angeli P, Guarda S, Fasolato S et al.
Switch therapy with ciprofloxacin vs. intravenous ceftazidime in the treatment of
spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients with cirrhosis: similar efficacy at
lower cost.
Aliment Pharmacol Ther.
2006;
23
75-84
- 231
Taskiran B, Colakoglu O, Sozmen B et al.
Comparison of cefotaxime and ofloxacin in treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.
Turk J Gastroenterol.
2004;
15
34-38
- 232
Terg R, Cobas S, Fassio E et al.
Oral ciprofloxacin after a short course of intravenous ciprofloxacin in the treatment
of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: results of a multicenter, randomized study.
J Hepatol.
2000;
33
564-569
- 233
Park Y H, Lee H C, Song H G et al.
Recent increase in antibiotic-resistant microorganisms in patients with spontaneous
bacterial peritonitis adversely affects the clinical outcome in Korea.
J Gastroenterol Hepatol.
2003;
18
927-933
- 234
Singh N, Wagener M M, Gayowski T.
Changing epidemiology and predictors of mortality in patients with spontaneous bacterial
peritonitis at a liver transplant unit.
Clin Microbiol Infect.
2003;
9
531-537
- 235 Kresken M, Hafner D, Schmitz F J et al. PEG-Resistenzstudie: Resistenzsituation
bei klinisch wichtigen Infektionserregern gegenüber Antibiotika in Deutschland und
im mitteleuropäischen Raum. Paul-Ehrlich-Gesellschaft für Chemotherapie e.V; 2007
- 236 Kresken M, Hafner D, Schmitz F J et al. PEG-Resistenzstudie: Daten zur Resistenzlage
bei klinisch wichtigen Bakterienspezies gegenüber Antibiotika in Mitteleuropa. Paul-Ehrlich-Gesellschaft
für Chemotherapie e.V; 2010
- 237
Felisart J, Rimola A, Arroyo V et al.
Cefotaxime is more effective than is ampicillin-tobramycin in cirrhotics with severe
infections.
Hepatology.
1985;
5
457-462
- 238
Rimola A, Salmeron J M, Clemente G et al.
Two different dosages of cefotaxime in the treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
in cirrhosis: results of a prospective, randomized, multicenter study.
Hepatology.
1995;
21
674-679
- 239
Rimola A, Navasa M, Arroyo V.
Experience with cefotaxime in the treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in
cirrhosis.
Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis.
1995;
22
141-145
- 240
Gomez-Jimenez J, Ribera E, Gasser I et al.
Randomized trial comparing ceftriaxone with cefonicid for treatment of spontaneous
bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother.
1993;
37
1587-1592
- 241
Ricart E, Soriano G, Novella M T et al.
Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid versus cefotaxime in the therapy of bacterial infections
in cirrhotic patients.
J Hepatol.
2000;
32
596-602
- 242
Acevedo J C, Fernandez J, Castro M et al.
Current efficacy of recommended empirical antibiotic therapy in patients with cirrhosis
and bacterial infection (Abstract).
J Hepatol.
2009;
50
S5
- 243
Castellote J, Ariza X, Girbau A et al.
Risk factors to cefotaxime-resistant spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (Abstract).
J Hepatol.
2010;
52
S69
- 244
Angeloni S, Leboffe C, Parente A et al.
Efficacy of current guidelines for the treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
in the clinical practice.
World J Gastroenterol.
2008;
14
2757-2762
- 245
Yakar T, Guclu M, Serin E et al.
A recent evaluation of empirical cephalosporin treatment and antibiotic resistance
of changing bacterial profiles in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.
Dig Dis Sci.
2010;
55
1149-1154
- 246
Castellote J, Ariza X, Girbau A et al.
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Is it time to
change? (Abstract).
J Hepatol.
2010;
52
S69
- 247
Cheong H S, Kang C I, Lee J A et al.
Clinical significance and outcome of nosocomial acquisition of spontaneous bacterial
peritonitis in patients with liver cirrhosis.
Clin Infect Dis.
2009;
48
1230-1236
- 248
Dupeyron C, Mangeney N, Sedrati L et al.
Rapid emergence of quinolone resistance in cirrhotic patients treated with norfloxacin
to prevent spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother.
1994;
38
340-344
- 249
Dupeyron C, Campillo S B, Mangeney N et al.
Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus and of gram-negative bacilli resistant to third-generation
cephalosporins in cirrhotic patients: a prospective assessment of hospital-acquired
infections.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol.
2001;
22
427-432
- 250
Campillo B, Dupeyron C, Richardet J P et al.
Epidemiology of severe hospital-acquired infections in patients with liver cirrhosis:
effect of long-term administration of norfloxacin.
Clin Infect Dis.
1998;
26
1066-1070
- 251
Campillo B, Dupeyron C, Richardet J P.
Epidemiology of hospital-acquired infections in cirrhotic patients: effect of carriage
of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and influence of previous antibiotic
therapy and norfloxacin prophylaxis.
Epidemiol Infect.
2001;
127
443-450
- 252
Song K H, Jeon J H, Park W B et al.
Clinical outcomes of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis due to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing
Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species: a retrospective matched case-control study.
BMC Infect Dis.
2009;
9
41
- 253
Umgelter A, Reindl W, Miedaner M et al.
Failure of current antibiotic first-line regimens and mortality in hospitalized patients
with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.
Infection.
2009;
37
2-8
- 254
Chavez-Tapia N C, Soares-Weiser K, Brezis M et al.
Antibiotics for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
2009;
CD002232
- 255
Chen T A, Lo G H, Lai K H et al.
Single daily amikacin versus cefotaxime in the short-course treatment of spontaneous
bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotics.
World J Gastroenterol.
2005;
11
6823-6827
- 256
Rastegar L A, Umrani G, Dehbashi N et al.
Evaluation of the therapeutic effect of pefloxacin in comparison with ampicillin and
gentamicin in cirrhotic patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.
Hepatogastroenterology.
1998;
45
783-785
- 257
Antillon M R, Runyon B A.
Effect of marked peripheral leukocytosis on the leukocyte count in ascites.
Arch Intern Med.
1991;
151
509-510
- 258
Ljubicic N, Spajic D, Vrkljan M M et al.
The value of ascitic fluid polymorphonuclear cell count determination during therapy
of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients with liver cirrhosis.
Hepatogastroenterology.
2000;
47
1360-1363
- 259
Runyon B A, Hoefs J C.
Spontaneous vs secondary bacterial peritonitis. Differentiation by response of ascitic
fluid neutrophil count to antimicrobial therapy.
Arch Intern Med.
1986;
146
1563-1565
- 260
Fong T L, Akriviadis E A, Runyon B A et al.
Polymorphonuclear cell count response and duration of antibiotic therapy in spontaneous
bacterial peritonitis.
Hepatology.
1989;
9
423-426
- 261
Runyon B A, McHutchison J G, Antillon M R et al.
Short-course versus long-course antibiotic treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.
A randomized controlled study of 100 patients.
Gastroenterology.
1991;
100
1737-1742
- 262
Bauer T M, Follo A, Navasa M et al.
Daily norfloxacin is more effective than weekly rufloxacin in prevention of spontaneous
bacterial peritonitis recurrence.
Dig Dis Sci.
2002;
47
1356-1361
- 263
Arroyo V, Gines P, Gerbes A L et al.
Definition and diagnostic criteria of refractory ascites and hepatorenal syndrome
in cirrhosis. International Ascites Club.
Hepatology.
1996;
23
164-176
- 264
Salerno F, Gerbes A, Gines P et al.
Diagnosis, prevention and treatment of hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis.
Gut.
2007;
56
1310-1318
- 265
Solanki P, Chawla A, Garg R et al.
Beneficial effects of terlipressin in hepatorenal syndrome: a prospective, randomized
placebo-controlled clinical trial.
J Gastroenterol Hepatol.
2003;
18
152-156
- 266
Sanyal A J, Boyer T, Garcia-Tsao G et al.
A randomized, prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of terlipressin
for type 1 hepatorenal syndrome.
Gastroenterology.
2008;
134
1360-1368
- 267
Martin-Llahi M, Pepin M N, Guevara M et al.
Terlipressin and albumin vs albumin in patients with cirrhosis and hepatorenal syndrome:
a randomized study.
Gastroenterology.
2008;
134
1352-1359
- 268
Neri S, Pulvirenti D, Malaguarnera M et al.
Terlipressin and albumin in patients with cirrhosis and type I hepatorenal syndrome.
Dig Dis Sci.
2008;
53
830-835
- 269
Ortega R, Gines P, Uriz J et al.
Terlipressin therapy with and without albumin for patients with hepatorenal syndrome:
results of a prospective, nonrandomized study.
Hepatology.
2002;
36
941-948
- 270
Saner F, Kavuk I, Lang H et al.
Terlipressin and gelafundin: safe therapy of hepatorenal syndrome.
Eur J Med Res.
2004;
9
78-82
- 271
Dart A B, Mutter T C, Ruth C A et al.
Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) versus other fluid therapies: effects on kidney function.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
2010;
CD007594
- 272
Fabrizi F, Dixit V, Messa P et al.
Terlipressin for hepatorenal syndrome: A meta-analysis of randomized trials.
Int J Artif Organs.
2009;
32
133-140
- 273
Gluud L L, Christensen K, Christensen E et al.
Systematic review of randomized trials on vasoconstrictor drugs for hepatorenal syndrome.
Hepatology.
2010;
51
576-584
- 274
Sagi S V, Mittal S, Kasturi K S et al.
Terlipressin therapy for reversal of type 1 hepatorenal syndrome: a meta-analysis
of randomized controlled trials.
J Gastroenterol Hepatol.
2010;
25
880-885
- 275
Gerbes A L, Huber E, Gulberg V.
Terlipressin for hepatorenal syndrome: continuous infusion as an alternative to i.
v. bolus administration.
Gastroenterology.
2009;
137
1179
; author reply 1179 – 1181
- 276
Hadengue A, Gadano A, Moreau R et al.
Beneficial effects of the 2-day administration of terlipressin in patients with cirrhosis
and hepatorenal syndrome.
J Hepatol.
1998;
29
565-570
- 277
Gerbes A L, Gulberg V, Waggershauser T et al.
Renal effects of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in cirrhosis: comparison
of patients with ascites, with refractory ascites, or without ascites.
Hepatology.
1998;
28
683-688
- 278
Guevara M, Gines P, Bandi J C et al.
Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in hepatorenal syndrome: effects on
renal function and vasoactive systems.
Hepatology.
1998;
28
416-422
- 279
Brensing K A, Textor J, Perz J et al.
Long term outcome after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent-shunt in non-transplant
cirrhotics with hepatorenal syndrome: a phase II study.
Gut.
2000;
47
288-295
- 280
Wong F, Pantea L, Sniderman K.
Midodrine, octreotide, albumin, and TIPS in selected patients with cirrhosis and type
1 hepatorenal syndrome.
Hepatology.
2004;
40
55-64
- 281
Testino G, Ferro C, Sumberaz A et al.
Type-2 hepatorenal syndrome and refractory ascites: role of transjugular intrahepatic
portosystemic stent-shunt in eighteen patients with advanced cirrhosis awaiting orthotopic
liver transplantation.
Hepatogastroenterology.
2003;
50
1753-1755
- 282
Witzke O, Baumann M, Patschan D et al.
Which patients benefit from hemodialysis therapy in hepatorenal syndrome?.
J Gastroenterol Hepatol.
2004;
19
1369-1373
- 283
Mitzner S R, Stange J, Klammt S et al.
Improvement of hepatorenal syndrome with extracorporeal albumin dialysis MARS: results
of a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial.
Liver Transpl.
2000;
6
277-286
- 284
Wong F, Raina N, Richardson R.
Molecular adsorbent recirculating system is ineffective in the management of type
1 hepatorenal syndrome in patients with cirrhosis with ascites who have failed vasoconstrictor
treatment.
Gut.
2010;
59
381-386
- 285
Bannares R, Nevens F, Larsen F S et al.
Extracorporeal liver support with the molecular adsorbent recirculating system (MARS)
in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure (AOCLF). The RELIEF trail (Abstract).
J Hepatol.
2010;
52
S459-S460
- 286
Rifai K, Ernst T, Kretschmer U et al.
Prometheus – a new extracorporeal system for the treatment of liver failure.
J Hepatol.
2003;
39
984-990
- 287
Rifai K, Kribben A, Gerken G et al.
Extracorporeal liver support by fractionated plasma separation and adsorption (Prometheus)
in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure (HELIOS study): A prospective randomized
controlled multicenter study (Abstract).
J Hepatol.
2010;
52
S3
- 288
Gonwa T A, Poplawski S, Paulsen W et al.
Pathogenesis and outcome of hepatorenal syndrome in patients undergoing orthotopic
liver transplant.
Transplantation.
1989;
47
395-397
- 289
Seu P, Wilkinson A H, Shaked A et al.
The hepatorenal syndrome in liver transplant recipients.
Am Surg.
1991;
57
806-809
- 290
Lafayette R A, Pare G, Schmid C H et al.
Pretransplant renal dysfunction predicts poorer outcome in liver transplantation.
Clin Nephrol.
1997;
48
159-164
- 291
Restuccia T, Ortega R, Guevara M et al.
Effects of treatment of hepatorenal syndrome before transplantation on posttransplantation
outcome. A case-control study.
J Hepatol.
2004;
40
140-146
- 292
Bundesärztekammer .
Richtlinien zur Organtransplantation gem. § 16 Abs.1 S.1 Nrn. 2, 4 u. 5 TPG.
Dtsch Ärztebl.
2010;
107
A1532-1541
- 293
Davis C L, Feng S, Sung R et al.
Simultaneous liver-kidney transplantation: evaluation to decision making.
Am J Transplant.
2007;
7
1702-1709
- 294
Lieberman F L, Hidemura R, Peters R L et al.
Pathogenesis and treatment of hydrothorax complicating cirrhosis with ascites.
Ann Intern Med.
1966;
64
341-351
- 295
Malagari K, Nikita A, Alexopoulou E et al.
Cirrhosis-related intrathoracic disease. Imaging features in 1038 patients.
Hepatogastroenterology.
2005;
52
558-562
- 296
Kinasewitz G T, Keddissi J I.
Hepatic hydrothorax.
Curr Opin Pulm Med.
2003;
9
261-265
- 297
Kiafar C, Gilani N.
Hepatic hydrothorax: current concepts of pathophysiology and treatment options.
Ann Hepatol.
2008;
7
313-320
- 298
Halank M, Strassburg C P, Hoeper M M.
Pulmonary complications of liver cirrhosis: hepatopulmonary syndrome, portopulmonary
hypertension and hepatic hydrothorax.
Internist.
2010;
51 (Suppl 1)
255-263
- 299
Cardenas A, Arroyo V.
Management of ascites and hepatic hydrothorax.
Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol.
2007;
21
55-75
- 300
Cardenas A, Kelleher T, Chopra S.
Review article: hepatic hydrothorax.
Aliment Pharmacol Ther.
2004;
20
271-279
- 301
Huang P M, Chang Y L, Yang C Y et al.
The morphology of diaphragmatic defects in hepatic hydrothorax: thoracoscopic finding.
J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg.
2005;
130
141-145
- 302
Rubinstein D, McInnes I E, Dudley F J.
Hepatic hydrothorax in the absence of clinical ascites: diagnosis and management.
Gastroenterology.
1985;
88
188-191
- 303
Xiol X, Castellote J, Cortes-Beut R et al.
Usefulness and complications of thoracentesis in cirrhotic patients.
Am J Med.
2001;
111
67-69
- 304
Reissig A, Heyne J P, Kroegel C.
Ancillary lung parenchymal findings at spiral CT scanning in pulmonary embolism. Relationship
to chest sonography.
Eur J Radiol.
2004;
49
250-257
- 305
Kocijancic I, Vidmar K, Ivanovi-Herceg Z.
Chest sonography versus lateral decubitus radiography in the diagnosis of small pleural
effusions.
J Clin Ultrasound.
2003;
31
69-74
- 306
Kohan J M, Poe R H, Israel R H et al.
Value of chest ultrasonography versus decubitus roentgenography for thoracentesis.
Am Rev Respir Dis.
1986;
133
1124-1126
- 307
Light R W.
Clinical practice. Pleural effusion.
N Engl J Med.
2002;
346
1971-1977
- 308
Castellote J, Xiol X, Cortes-Beut R et al.
Complications of thoracentesis in cirrhotic patients with pleural effusion.
Rev Esp Enferm Dig.
2001;
93
566-575
- 309
Jones P W, Moyers J P, Rogers J T et al.
Ultrasound-guided thoracentesis: is it a safer method?.
Chest.
2003;
123
418-423
- 310
Gordon C E, Feller-Kopman D, Balk E M et al.
Pneumothorax following thoracentesis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Arch Intern Med.
2010;
170
332-339
- 311
Romero S, Candela A, Martin C et al.
Evaluation of different criteria for the separation of pleural transudates from exudates.
Chest.
1993;
104
399-404
- 312
Burgess L J, Maritz F J, Taljaard J J.
Comparative analysis of the biochemical parameters used to distinguish between pleural
transudates and exudates.
Chest.
1995;
107
1604-1609
- 313
Light R W, Macgregor M I, Luchsinger P C et al.
Pleural effusions: the diagnostic separation of transudates and exudates.
Ann Intern Med.
1972;
77
507-513
- 314
Mittal B R, Maini A, Das B K.
Peritoneopleural communication associated with cirrhotic ascites: scintigraphic demonstration.
Abdom Imaging.
1996;
21
69-70
- 315
Bhattacharya A, Mittal B R, Biswas T et al.
Radioisotope scintigraphy in the diagnosis of hepatic hydrothorax.
J Gastroenterol Hepatol.
2001;
16
317-321
- 316
Ajmi S, Hassine H, Guezguez M et al.
Isotopic exploration of hepatic hydrothorax: ten cases.
Gastroenterol Clin Biol.
2004;
28
462-466
- 317
Huang P M, Han Y Y, Kuo S W et al.
Color Doppler ultrasonography in detecting transdiaphragmatic flow of hepatic hydrothorax:
correlation with thoracoscopic findings.
J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg.
2009;
138
1251-1252
- 318
Tamano M, Hashimoto T, Kojima K et al.
Diagnosis of hepatic hydrothorax using contrast-enhanced ultrasonography with intraperitoneal
injection of Sonazoid.
J Gastroenterol Hepatol.
2010;
25
383-386
- 319
Takayama T, Kurokawa Y, Kaiwa Y et al.
A new technique of thoracoscopic pleurodesis for refractory hepatic hydrothorax.
Surg Endosc.
2004;
18
140-143
- 320
Lin D J, Zhang M, Gao G X et al.
Thoracoscopy for diagnosis and management of refractory hepatic hydrothorax.
Chin Med J.
2006;
119
430-434
- 321
Xiol X, Castellvi J M, Guardiola J et al.
Spontaneous bacterial empyema in cirrhotic patients: a prospective study.
Hepatology.
1996;
23
719-723
- 322
D"Amico G, Garcia-Tsao G, Pagliaro L.
Natural history and prognostic indicators of survival in cirrhosis: a systematic review
of 118 studies.
J Hepatol.
2006;
44
217-231
- 323
Kaplan L M, Epstein S K, Schwartz S L et al.
Clinical, echocardiographic, and hemodynamic evidence of cardiac tamponade caused
by large pleural effusions.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
1995;
151
904-908
- 324
Angueira C E, Kadakia S C.
Effects of large-volume paracentesis on pulmonary function in patients with tense
cirrhotic ascites.
Hepatology.
1994;
20
825-828
- 325
Heller B J, Grathwohl M K.
Contralateral reexpansion pulmonary edema.
South Med J.
2000;
93
828-831
- 326
Feller-Kopman D, Berkowitz D, Boiselle P et al.
Large-volume thoracentesis and the risk of reexpansion pulmonary edema.
Ann Thorac Surg.
2007;
84
1656-1661
- 327
Liu L U, Haddadin H A, Bodian C A et al.
Outcome analysis of cirrhotic patients undergoing chest tube placement.
Chest.
2004;
126
142-148
- 328
Colombato L.
The role of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) in the management
of portal hypertension.
J Clin Gastroenterol.
2007;
41 (Suppl 3)
S344-S351
- 329
Strauss R M, Martin L G, Kaufman S L et al.
Transjugular intrahepatic portal systemic shunt for the management of symptomatic
cirrhotic hydrothorax.
Am J Gastroenterol.
1994;
89
1520-1522
- 330
Chalasani N, Gitlin N.
TIPS for patients with refractory hepatic hydrothorax: what is the take-home message?.
Am J Gastroenterol.
1997;
92
2129-2130
- 331
Gordon F D, Anastopoulos H T, Crenshaw W et al.
The successful treatment of symptomatic, refractory hepatic hydrothorax with transjugular
intrahepatic portosystemic shunt.
Hepatology.
1997;
25
1366-1369
- 332
Degawa M, Hamasaki K, Yano K et al.
Refractory hepatic hydrothorax treated with transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic
shunt.
J Gastroenterol.
1999;
34
128-131
- 333
Conklin L D, Estrera A L, Weiner M A et al.
Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for recurrent hepatic hydrothorax.
Ann Thorac Surg.
2000;
69
609-611
- 334
Siegerstetter V, Deibert P, Ochs A et al.
Treatment of refractory hepatic hydrothorax with transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic
shunt: long-term results in 40 patients.
Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol.
2001;
13
529-534
- 335
Spencer E B, Cohen D T, Darcy M D.
Safety and efficacy of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt creation for
the treatment of hepatic hydrothorax.
J Vasc Interv Radiol.
2002;
13
385-390
- 336
Wilputte J Y, Goffette P, Zech F et al.
The outcome after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) for hepatic
hydrothorax is closely related to liver dysfunction: a long-term study in 28 patients.
Acta Gastroenterol Belg.
2007;
70
6-10
- 337
Dhanasekaran R, West J K, Gonzales P C et al.
Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for symptomatic refractory hepatic hydrothorax
in patients with cirrhosis.
Am J Gastroenterol.
2010;
105
635-641
- 338
Ikard R W, Sawyers J L.
Persistent hepatic hydrothorax after peritoneojugular shunt.
Arch Surg.
1980;
115
1125-1127
- 339
Ghandour E, Carter J, Feola M et al.
Management of hepatic hydrothorax with a peritoneovenous (Denver) shunt.
South Med J.
1990;
83
718-719
- 340
Falchuk K R, Jacoby I, Colucci W S et al.
Tetracycline-induced pleural symphysis for recurrent hydrothorax complicating cirrhosis.
A new approach to treatment.
Gastroenterology.
1977;
72
319-321
- 341
Milanez Campos J R, Filho L O, Campos Werebe de E et al.
Thoracoscopy and talc poudrage in the management of hepatic hydrothorax.
Chest.
2000;
118
13-17
- 342
Ferrante D, Arguedas de M R, Cerfolio R J et al.
Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery with talc pleurodesis in the management of symptomatic
hepatic hydrothorax.
Am J Gastroenterol.
2002;
97
3172-3175
- 343
Cerfolio R J, Bryant A S.
Efficacy of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery with talc pleurodesis for porous
diaphragm syndrome in patients with refractory hepatic hydrothorax.
Ann Thorac Surg.
2006;
82
457-459
- 344
Huang P M, Kuo S W, Lee J M.
Thoracoscopic diaphragmatic repair for refractory hepatic hydrothorax: application
of pleural flap and mesh onlay reinforcement.
Thorac Cardiovasc Surg.
2006;
54
47-50
- 345
Xiol X, Tremosa G, Castellote J et al.
Liver transplantation in patients with hepatic hydrothorax.
Transpl Int.
2005;
18
672-675
- 346
Serste T, Moreno C, Francoz C et al.
The impact of preoperative hepatic hydrothorax on the outcome of adult liver transplantation.
Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol.
2010;
22
207-212
- 347
Sese E, Xiol X, Castellote J et al.
Low complement levels and opsonic activity in hepatic hydrothorax: its relationship
with spontaneous bacterial empyema.
J Clin Gastroenterol.
2003;
36
75-77
- 348
Ackerman Z, Reynolds T B.
Evaluation of pleural fluid in patients with cirrhosis.
J Clin Gastroenterol.
1997;
25
619-622
- 349
Xiol X, Castellote J, Baliellas C et al.
Spontaneous bacterial empyema in cirrhotic patients: analysis of eleven cases.
Hepatology.
1990;
11
365-370
- 350
Castellote J, Lopez C, Gornals J et al.
Use of reagent strips for the rapid diagnosis of spontaneous bacterial empyema.
J Clin Gastroenterol.
2005;
39
278-281
- 351
Hoffken G, Lorenz J, Kern W et al.
Epidemiology, diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy and management of community-acquired
pneumonia and lower respiratory tract infections in adults. Guidelines of the Paul-Ehrlich-Society
for Chemotherapy, the German Respiratory Society, the German Society for Infectiology
and the Competence Network CAPNETZ Germany.
Pneumologie.
2009;
63
e1-68
- 352
Maskell N A, Davies C W, Nunn A J et al.
U.K. Controlled trial of intrapleural streptokinase for pleural infection.
N Engl J Med.
2005;
352
865-874
Prof. Dr. Alexander L. Gerbes
Med. Klinik und Poliklinik 2, Leber Centrum München, Klinikum der LMU München
Marchioninistr. 15
81377 München
eMail: sekretariat.gerbes@med.uni-muenchen.de