„Smartphone addiction”: Fakt oder Fiktion?

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG

Gegenstand und Ziel In den vergangenen Jahren wurde vermehrt darauf hingewiesen, dass exzessive Smartphone-Nutzung Merkmale abhängigen Verhaltens aufweisen und damit auch einen eigenständigen Störungswert erlangen kann. In diesem Kontext wurde der Begriff der „smartphone addiction“ eingeführt. In dieser Übersicht soll der aktuelle Wissensstand zu diesem neuen Phänomen zusammengefasst werden.

Material und Methoden Selektive Literaturrecherche zur „problematischen“ oder „exzessiven“ Smartphone-Nutzung resp. „smartphone addiction“ unter Berücksichtigung aktueller Befunde aus der Neurobildgebung.

Ergebnisse Die „smartphone addiction“ (SPA) kann psychometrisch reliabel erfasst werden. Konservative Schätzungen gehen von einer Prävalenz von ca. 14–31 % bei Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen aus. Die SPA scheint mit vielfältigen anderen Symptomen assoziiert zu sein, insbesondere mit Angst, Depressivität, Impulsivität, Emotions- und Selbswertregulati onsdefiziten. Rezente Befunde der Neurobildgebung verweisen auf neurobiologische Parallelen zu anderen substanzgebundenen und substanzunabhängigen Suchterkrankungen.

Schlussfolgerung/klinische Relevanz Die SPA ist ein relativ neues Phänomen, jedoch keine eigenständige Krankheitsentität. Parallelen zur DSM-5 „Internet Gaming Disorder“ (IGD) sind nicht zu übersehen, und möglicherweise könnte die SPA als „mobile“ Variante digitaler Spielstörungen betrachtet werden. Erste neurobiologische Befunde konnten das kategoriale Konstrukt der SPA validieren mit Verweis auf Gehirnregionen und neuronale Netzwerke, die Sucht und abhängiges Verhalten aufrechterhalten. SPA-spezifische Therapieoptionen sind derzeit nicht verfügbar, sie dürften sich jedoch stark anlehnen an Behandlungsprinzipien der IGD. Präventive und psychoedukative Maßnahmen sollten in der Zukunft gestärkt werden.

ABSTRACT

Aims Accumulating evidence suggests that excessive smartphone can fulfill criteria of addictive behavior. In this context, the term „smartphone addiction“ was introduced. This review summarizes the extant knowledge regarding this new phenomenon.

Materials and Methods Selective literature review of „problematic“ or „excessive“ smartphone use and „smartphone addiction“, respectively. Recent neuroimaging data is also considered.

Results „Smartphone addiction“ (SPA) can be reliably assessed by specific psychometric instruments. Prevalence of this condition is estimated with 14–31 % in adolescents and young adults. SPA is associated with a variety of additional symptoms such as anxiety, depression, impulsivity, emotion and self-esteem regulation deficits. Recent neuroimaging findings suggest neuroanatomical similarities to other substance-related and behavioral addictions.

Conclusion SPA is a relatively new phenomena, but at least to date, not a distinct diagnostic category. SPA may be regarded as “mobile” variant of technology-mediated addictive behaviors, particularly given parallels to DSM-5 Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD). Neuroimaging evidence suggest that SPA is associated with structural and functional variation in regions and neural networks that have been consistently related to addictive behavior. SPA-specific treatment is not available so far, yet possible interventions may be closely related to IGD treatment practice. Prevention and psychoeducation need to be more emphasized in the future.

Schlüsselwörter

Smartphone - Abhängigkeit - Spielstörungen

Key words

Smartphone - addiction - gaming disorder

Publikationsverlauf

Artikel online veröffentlicht:
14. Dezember 2020

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